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The Normans conquered England, introducing Norman French as the language of government. -
King John lost Normandy to the French, leading to the loosening of ties between England and the Continent. -
King Henry III issued the first English-language royal proclamation, establishing a Privy Council and beginning the growth of the English constitution. -
English nationalism promoted during this period. -
The devastating plague killed a significant portion of England's population. -
All court proceedings required to be conducted in English. -
Led by Wat Tyler, marking the beginning of popular protest. -
John Wycliffe promoted the first complete translation of scripture into English. -
Geoffrey Chaucer produced influential English poetry. -
Legal records began to be kept in East Midland English, establishing a written standard.