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Zenger Trial
A german printer was arrested for seditious libel (mean printed lies). 12 New York jurors found him not guilty, despite the governor appointed judges who encouraged otherwise. -
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Albany Congress
http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/albanycongress.html &textb
7 official colonial delegates were sent to discuss what was to be done about the conflict with Indians, and New France. This meeting was formed by the British Board of Trade, and exemplified one of "the last outpost of European-style civilization before the frontier." The Albany plan of union was from Benjamin Franklin ( who attended). It proposed the colonies join together to fight against the encroaching French. The plan was rejected. -
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Seven Years War (SYW) AKA French and Indian War
<a href='' >Textbook</a>The Seven Years War was sparked due to the irresolution to the previous imperial wars over the colonies. It was fought mainly over the Ohio River between the French (french crescent) and the British ( Eastern shore colonies).The spark was the battle of Fort Necessity in 1754, July the 3rd. Washington led forth an attack against the French and killed important French officials who were seeking peace.The official end to the SYW and hostility b/w Spanish, French, and Brits was the Treaty of Paris. -
Treaty of Paris
Official end to the French and Indian war. It called for the cession of all lands that France owned , with the exception of New Orleans, and some was given to Spain, although most was handed to Great Britain. Britain's General was James Wolfe. The British swept French ships, invaded Havana and conquered Cuba, dominated India, and captured the Spanish Philippines. Spain ceded FL, but kept its islands in the Carribbean. -
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Pontiac's Rebellion
Pontiac's Rebellion was in response to the threat of British incursion upon the Indian's homeland. In 1763 Pontiac led a group of "like-minded," tribes. The start was their attack on Fort Detroit.By 1764, spirit was fading in the Indian camp, due to large losses, although 8 British forts had been captured.The rebellion in essence stopped here. Peace was officially reached in 1766 via treaty,by Johnson.Bib: ohiohistorycentral.org ushistory.com -
Sugar Act
Sugar actImposed by the British parliament upon the members of the 13 royal colonies of North America. This act taxed sugar, certain wines, coffee, pimiento, cambric and printed calico, and further, regulated the export of lumber and iron . Importers and users of these materials were mostly merchants and artisans. This re-enforcement of the act created dislike due to the court procedure for violations . -
Stamp Act
stampDirect tax, imposed on all colonist for all printed paper, such as ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and playing cards too. The stamp act was clearly used to raise revenue to pay for the stationing of British troops to keep peace with the Indians. One response was in the House of Burgess's, Patrick Henry's Stamp Act Resolves. 4 pieces of it were approved, but the Royal Gov. dissolved the House of Burgesses in response. -
Repeals of Stamp Act
History Carpenter-RepealThe repeal occured due to the large dissent to the act. Many demonstrations occured in 1765, the year the act was passed. The piece of legislature that declared the repeals, basicly noted that it did not do any good, and could not : source- "whereas the continuance of the said act would be attended with many inconveniences." The repeal of the stamp act was verified by King George III. May 1st, the repeals were enacted. -
Declaratory Act
Britanica Declaratory ActFollowed the repeal of the stamp act, and basicly stated that Britain had the same taxing authority over the American colonies as it had over its citizens in England, "In all cases, whatsoever." -
Boston Massascre
Samuel Adams played up reports and rumors. A crowd of citizens assebled outside the Customs House and picked on a British customs officer. The British soldiers came to protect him. The mob then threw rocks and stones at the British soldiers (consisted of the captain and 7 soldiers). 5 colonists were killed, the first being an African American named Crispus Attucks. Bib: bostonmassacre.net -
Boston Tea Party
boston-tea-party.org
In response to the Tea Act. 50-60 colonists disguised themselves as Indians and dumped $10,000 worth of tea (45 tons) belonging to the East India Company into the Boston harbor to prevent payment on duty. This resulted in the Intolerable Acts. -
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First Continental Congress
Held in Philidelphia, delegates from 12 of the colonies, were sent (GA elected not to send a rep). In this meeting they decided to meet again (the second continental congress), if their plans to deter and ultimately end the intolerable acts did not work. Their plans were to boycott the West India Company for nonimportation starting December 1 (all states), and if that did not succeed in disbanding the intolerable acts, they would not export to Britain. 56 reps attended. Bib: Wikipedia -
Intolerable Acts
NPS- GovContained four parts: Boston Port Act, Massachussetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act. The port act was enacted to make MA repay for the Boston Tea Party, no ship etc could enter or leave. The gov act ensured MA would be under control, favorable to Britain. And soldiers had to be taken up for board and lodge everywhere. This led to outrage and the first continental congress. -
Lexington and Concord
US History
General Gage sent 700 men to capture the store of American ammunition in Concord. Botson committee sent Paul Revere & Willian Dawes to alert the militia they were coming. 70 armed minutemen were in Lexingto but were confused & unorganized. British told them to drop their weapons but they didn't. 8 people killed, 10 wounded. When the British reached Concord, they burned supplies & cut a liberty pole down. 73 British dead, 202 wounded. -
Fort Ticonderoga
Fort Ticonderoga was also a strategic area for control of waterways. In the Revolutionary war, this fort was captured by the Americans on May 10. 100 men crossed Lake Champlain the night before, to steal in early next morning. Only a dozen or so British soldiers were there, and all asleep. The fort was surrendered, The fort was a base for invasion of brit governed Canada, and a major munitions store. It was taken back, but subsesequently burned in 1777. patriotresources.com -
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Second Continental Congress
Through sessions of this the Declaration of independence was written in July of 1776, and the article of confederation were drawn up later. Among the new comers, prominent men such as Benjamin Franklin, and John Hancock joined. The Revolutionary war had already started (Lexington and Concord), and the men voted to extend the Olive Branch Petition. The delegates also voted to create a continental army that combined its already present militias with George Washington as commanding general. -
Battle of Bunker Hill
British Battles
British ships in Boston harbor fired on American positions. Gage chose a frontal assault. They shot the Americans on Breed's Hill. Thousands died. -
Olive Branch Petition
The Olive Branch Petition was composed mainly by Thomas Jefferson, however John Dickenson played a major role in editing and revising the letter to be approachable for the king.The purpose of the letter was to inform the king of the greviences caused by the Parliament, in hopes that he was unaware of this predicament.Unfortunately, John Adams wrote some bad things about the petition in general and Dickenson. This letter was viewed by king, who then disregarded the petition.revoluwarandbeyond.com -
Thomas Paine's Common Sense
Contitution
Pamphlet presenting American colonists with an argument for freedom from British rule written and reasoned in a style that they understood. It cconnected independence Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity. -
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Constitution
Document proclaiming the inherent rights of men, including the right to rebel against "inadequate" government. Written by George Mason and Thomas Ludwell Lee. -
Declaration of Independence
A committee of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston were asked to create a draft of the Declaration. However, it was Thomas Jefferson who actually wrote it. The text was revised and edited until it was accepted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776,
Our Documents -
The Battle of Long Island
British battlesResult: British victory, made Americans retreat from Brooklyn, and leave NY. George Washington led the attack on the American Continental Army side. The Brits were organized, well trained and funded soldiers, the Americans were a rag tag group that had the same weapons, just not the caliber in uniform and uniformity. Casualties were 400 to 2,000 (Brit to Americains). This battle was a big blow to American morale. -
Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom
Religious Tolerance
Promoted religious freedom for the state of Virginia. Written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. -
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Valley Forge
Think QuestAfter the Battle of Trenton, which determined that General Washington and troops would stay at valley forge, the group experienced a harsh winter, with little warm clothes and accomodation.On the whole the troops were short on all materials (guns, food, clothes,money etc). They had to build log cabins, and many fell sick due to the weather. Also, due to money shortage, some leaders were not even payed. Overall, this experience is said to be of great importance becausse it taught discipline. -
Ratification of the AOC
The Articles of Confederaction (AOC) was finally adopted on Nov.15, 1777. However, it was ratified almost 4 years later. It was the first constitution ratified by the continental congress. It proved to be weak, allowing to much power to the states, and not enough to the central government. March 4, 1789 led to the subsequent reaction to the AOC's ineffectiveness, the constitution. loc.gov -
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Battle of Yorktown
Military HistoryBritish surrender to Washington and American army. The British suffered heavy losses, many were injured, and the rest taken prisoner. The French were allied with the Americans in this fight. This was one of the last battles in the American Revolution and marked the now American favored ending. -
Treaty of Paris 1783
Our Documents
Signed at Versailles. by United States, Great Britain, Spain, and France ending the American Revolutionary War. -
Land Ordinance of 1785
In Gov
Provided for the sale and survey of western lands. Territorial plan divided the land into townships composed of 36 sections of 640 acres each. Passed by Congress under the Articles of Confederation that created the grid system in which all subsequent public land was available for sale. -
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Social Studies With a Smile
Set up the government for the Northwest Territory and outlawed slavery. Provided a way to admit new states to the nation. Once a territory had 60,000 settlers, it could ask Congress to become a state. No fewer than 3 and no more than 5 states could be formed from the Northwest Territory. -
George Washington's Inauguration
First Inaugural Address
George Washington became the first president of the U.S. following the ratification of the Constitution.
