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- The Christian Kingdoms of Spain catch Granda( the last Muslim stronghold in Iberia), completing the Reconguista and establishing Spain as a unified Christian Kingdom.
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-The Ottoman Empire captures Constantinople, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and a key moment in the rise of the Ottoman Turks as a dominant power.
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- The bubonic plague sweeps across Europe, Asia, and North Africa, killing an estimated 25-30 million people, roughly one-third of Europe’s population.
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-Conflicts between England and France over territorial disputes and claims to the French throne that lasts for about 116 years.
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- The Mongols throw out Baghdad in 1258, ending the Abbasid Caliphate and devastating much of the Islamic world, particularly Persia and Mesopotamia.
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- King John of England is forced to sign the Magna Carta, a document that limits royal power and lays the foundation for modern constitutional law. It was written by a group of 13th-century barons to protect their rights.
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-The Mongol Empire (1206-1368) was started by Genghis Khan (1206-1227), first Great Khan or 'universal ruler' of the Mongol peoples. Genghis strengthened the empire by uniting nomadic tribes of the Asian and creating an effective army with fast, light, and highly coordinated army.
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- The First Crusade was the first of a series of religious wars/Crusades, initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic rule. It lasted from 1096-1099.
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- King Harold II of England was defeated by the invading Norman army of William the Conqueror. By the end of the battle, Harold was dead and all his forces were destroyed.
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- The Christian Church splits into the Roman Catholic Church (led by the Pope in Rome) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (led by the Patriarch of Constantinople) due to doctrinal difference. It divided christianity, creating Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.
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- (960-1279) Huge advancements such as invention of gunpowder, the compass and printing technologies.
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- Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III. This marked the revival of a Unified Christendom in Western Europe.
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- Viking Age began in 793, with an attack on the Lindisfarne monastery in England, which is the first known Viking raid. The event that marks the end of their glory days is the slaying of King Harald Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
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- Battle between North African armies and Frankish armies led by Martel. It promoted solidarity between the various Frankish ethnic groups. It also prevented expansion of the Umayyad caliphate.
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- (618-907) Considered a golden age in Chinese history. A period of cultural, technological and economic advancements in China with Tang Dynasty as the heads.
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- Prophet Muhammad's teachings led to growth in Islam.
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- A golden age in India, known for advances in mathematics, science and art(decimal system).
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- The Western Roman empire crumbles when Augustulus is killed by Odoacer(a chieftain). The fall was caused by cultural change, disease and socioeconomic instability. This marks the end of Ancient Rome and beginning of a Medieval period.
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- When Rome fell, the Western half fell with it while the Eastern half went on as the Byzantine Empire. Its capital was Constantinople. Which is modern day Istanbul.
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- Columbus sails across the Atlantic and reaches the Caribbean, opening the Americas to European exploration and eventually colonization.