Period 7

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    Elizabeth Cady Stanton

    -early, influential leader of the U.S. women's rights movement
    -co organizer of the 1848 seneca falls convention
    -intersections with abolitionism and 19th century reform networks
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    Eugene V. Debs

    -labor organizer, socialist party leader, multiple time presidential candidate
    -activism illustrates late 19th/early 20th century labor struggles, radical political alternatives to capitalism, and federal responses to industrial unrest
    -wartime conviction under Espionage Act: case study in civil liberties tensions
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    Ida Tarbell

    -investigative journalist
    -muckraking expose of standard oil combined detailed research and narrative to reveal monopolistic practices
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    Jane Addams

    -prominent progressive reformer
    -founder of Hull House
    -advocate for settlement houses, immigrant assistance, public health, and women's suffrage
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    Lincoln Steffens

    -muckraking journalist
    -exposed municipal corruption in the shame of the cities
  • Woman's Christian Temperance Union

    -leading reform organization
    -combined temperance advocacy with broader social reforms
    -women's suffrage, labor protections, and public health campaigns
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    Al Smith

    -governor of New York
    -democratic presidential nominee in 1928
    -known for progressive era reforms
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    Herbert Hoover

    -31st president of U.S. (1929-1933)
    -republican
    -administration coincided with the onset of the Great Depression
    -policies emphasized limited federal intervention
    -presidency often studied for its responses to economic collapse and influence on later New Deal reforms
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    Herbert Hoover

    -31st president of U.S. (1929-1933)
    -republican
    -administration coincided with the onset of the Great Depression
    -policies emphasized limited federal intervention
    -presidency often studied for its responses to economic collapse and influence on later New Deal reforms
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    John L. Lewis

    -created united mine workers in 1890
    -responsible for the passage of the fair labor standards act
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    Frances Perkins

    -1st female cabinet member in the U.S.
    -served from 1933 to 1945
    -helped pass many New Deal programs/legislations
    -longest serving secretary of labor
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    Eleanor Roosevelt

    -first lady to Franklin Roosevelt
    -supported civil rights
    -opposed Jim Crow laws
    -advocated for birth control
    -supported the New Deal
    -advocated for better working conditions
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    Sinclair Lewis

    -first U.S. born writer to receive Nobel Prize in literature (1930)
    -satirical novels critiqued middle class conformity and materialism in early 20th century American society
  • Interstate Commerce Act

    -legislation that created the Interstate Commerce Commission
    -regulate abusive railroad practices
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    Muckrakers

    -progressive era investigative reporters and writers
    -exposed corruption, corporate abuses, and social problems
    -mobilize public opinion and policy change
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    Municipal reform

    -progressive era efforts
    -reduce corruption and improve city governance
    -promoting professional city management, nonpartisan elections, civil service reform, and public utilities regulation
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    Harry Hopkins

    -one of FDR'S closest advisors
    -helped manage relief programs
    -served as a foreign policy representative to Churchill and Stalin in WWII
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    Cuban Revolt

    -insurgent campaigns by Cuban nationalists against spanish colonial rule
    -contributed to outbreak of spanish american war and subsequent U.S. intervention and occupation
  • Anti-Imperialist League

    -founded by critics of U.S. expansion
    -(Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and former President Grover Cleveland)
  • White Man's Burden

    -phrase from 1899 poem by Rudyard Kipling
    -justify imperial expansion by framing it as moral obligation of white western nations to "civilize" nonwhite peoples
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    Langston Hughes

    -major African American poet, novelist, playwright, and social activist
    -associated with the Harlem Renaissance
    -works explored Black identity, resilience, and everyday life
    -advocating for racial equality and cultural pride
  • Newlands Reclamation Act

    -federal law
    -funded large scale irrigation and land reclamation projects in the arid west
    -used proceeds from public land sales
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    John Steinback

    -author of the Great Depression
    -wrote about the Great Depression and the realities
    -won the Pulitzer prize for following families who were displaced due to the dust bowl from Oklahoma
  • Roosevelt Corollary

    -Theodore Roosevelt's addition to Monroe Doctrine
    -asserting U.S. right to intervene in Latin American countries
    -stabilize them politically and economically
    -justify U.S. interventions and occupations
  • Pure Food and Drug Act

    -federal law
    -prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded food and drugs
    -required truth in labeling
  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

    -leading civil rights organization
    -legal challenges, public advocacy, and lobbying
    -combat lynching, segregation, and racial discrimination
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    Dollar Diplomacy

    -U.S. foreign policy approach
    -most associated with President William Howard Taft
    -used economic investment and loans by American businesses and banks
    -expand U.S. influence abroad and achieve political stability in regions like Latin America and East Asia
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    Great Migration

    -mass movement of more than a million African Americans
    -rural south to northern and midwestern cities
    -during and after World War I
    -transformed demographics, labor markets, urban culture, and politics in sending and receiving regions
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    Ku Klux Klan

    -white supremacist organization
    -revived in the 1910s and 1920s
    -promoted nativism, anti black racism, anti catholicism, and anti immigrant sentiment
    -through intimidation, terror, and political influence
  • Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

    -factory fire in New York City
    -killed 146 mostly young immigrant women
    -revealed dangerous industrial conditions
    -increase need/want for reform and unions
  • Bull Moose Party

    -third party formed by Theodore Roosevelt
    -regulatory government, social welfare reforms, and direct democracy measures
  • New Nationalism

    -Theodore Roosevelt's policy program
    -called for a strong federal government
    -regulate the economy, protect social justice, and curb concentrated corporate power
  • Federal Reserve Act

    -statue establishing federal reserve system
    -stabilize currency
    -provide flexible money supply
    -act as lender of last resort
  • UNIA

    -mass black nationalist organization
    -founded and led by Marcus Garvey
    -promoted racial pride, economic self sufficiency, and return to Africa movement for African descendants
  • Lusitania

    -british passenger liner sunk by German U boat
    -significant American casualties
    -intensified anti German sentiment in the U.S.
    -contributed to the growing movement toward U.S. entry into WWI
  • Zimmerman Telegram

    -secret German diplomatic proposal to Mexico
    -promised support to regain lost territories
    -helped shift U.S. public opinion toward entering WWI
  • Fourteen Points

    -Woodrow Wilson's program
    -for postwar peace
    -emphasized self determination, open diplomacy, free trade
    -creation of an international association of nations
    -guarantee political independence and territorial integrity
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    Harlem Renaissance

    -cultural, social, artistic movement during 1920s and 1930s
    -centered in Harlem neighborhood of NYC
    -celebrated African American cultural expression in literature, music, visual arts, and intellectual thought
    -fostering new racial pride, challenging prevailing racial stereotypes, and influencing national conversations about race and identity
  • Treaty of Versailles

    -peace settlement
    -formally ended WWI between Germany and Allied Powers
    -resulted in territorial losses, military restrictions, and heavy reparations on Germany
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    Red Scare

    -periods of intense fear of radicalism and communism in the U.S.
    -produced government crackdowns, deportations, widespread repression of leftist organizations and labor activists
  • League of Nations

    -international organization
    -established after WWI
    -based on President Woodrow Wilson's vision
    -provide a forum for resolving disputes and preventing future wars
    -U.S. senate did not authorize
    -not effective
  • Nineteenth Amendment

    -constitutional amendment
    -prohibited denying citizens the right to vote based on sex
    -marked a major victory of the women's suffrage movement toward U.S. entry into WWI
  • American Plan

    -employer led campaign
    -promote open shop policies
    -oppose labor organizing and union recognition
    -framed as defending individual freedom
    -used to weaken unions and suppress collective bargaining
  • National Origins Act of 1924

    -federal immigration legislation
    -established national quota system based on existing U.S. census data
    -restrict immigration from southern and eastern europe
    -virtually exclude immigrants from Asia
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    Hoovervilles

    -shelters built by homeless people during Great Depression
    -named after president Hoover, whom many Americans blamed
  • Black Tuesday

    -stock market collapsed
    -marked beginning of the Great Depression
    -led to Americans panicking
  • Tariff Act of 1930

    -AKA Hawley Smoot Tariff Act
    -raised tariffs on imported goods to almost 60%
    -supposed to help Americans during Great Depression
    -caused international trade to decline
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    Dust Bowl

    -Great Plains suffered environmental disasters
    -caused by extreme drought, overplowing, and other farming practices
    -resulted in dust storms and crop failures
  • Scottsboro Case

    -civil rights case
    -nine African American teenagers were falsely accused and convicted of raping 2 white women in Alabama
    -all but one sentenced to death
    -later overturned
  • Bonus Army

    -group of around 20,000 WWI veterans
    -marched in 1932 to DC
    -demanded payment of war bonuses
    -during Great Depression
  • Reconstruction Finance Corporation

    -created under president Hoover
    -provided $500 million in emergency loans to banks, railroads, and institutions
    -known as trickle down economies
    -help big business who would help individuals
  • Reconstruction Finance Corporation

    -created under president Hoover
    -provided $500 million in emergency loans to banks, railroads, and institutions
    -known as trickle down economies
    -help big business who would help individuals
  • National Recovery Administration

    -designed to stabilize the economy
    -set minimum wage, maximum hours, and production levels
  • Glass-Steagall Act

    -Banking Act
    -goal was to separate commercial bank deposits from investment banks
    -main goal was to reduce gambling
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    New Deal

    -Franklin Roosevelt's first response to the Great Depression
    -enforced relief, recovery, and reform
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    Popular Front

    -coalition
    -led by American Communists, socialists, and liberals
    -fight fascism and support the New Deal
    -organization stared in mid 1930s until late 1930s
  • Social Security Act

    -landmark New Deal Program
    -established under FDR
    -provide federal assistance to retired workers, unemployed, and disabled
    -still present today
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    Second New Deal

    -more progressive than before
    -established the social security act, works progress administration, and wagner act
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    Second New Deal

    -more progressive than before
    -established the social security act, works progress administration, and wagner act
  • Court Packing Plan

    -Roosevelt attempted to increase the US supreme court from 9 to 15
    -his attempt to pass the New Deal programs
    American public viewed this negatively, saw Roosevelt as wanting more executive power
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    Parity

    -U.S. agricultural policy
    -pricing principle
    -intended to ensure that farmers received a price for their crops comparable in purchasing power to a base period