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coined by John Sullivan
god-given mission to expand across North AMerican terriory
DIVINE RIGHT
central to the 1840s
jusitfied westward expansion -
Resolved the maine-canada boundary
cut Maine in almost half
helped Brit relations-ended tension! -
54-40 or fight!
Polk campaigned aggresilvey
Henry clay was a whig that didn't want annexation of oregan
Birney was the liberty party that was anti-slavery
wanted US claim up to 54th parallel -
-Propsoed by David wilmot
wanted to ban all new territories accuired by Mexico to have slavery
passed by house twice but failed at the senate -
Causes
- Conflicts over texas border even after texas indpendence in 45
mexico still thought of claiming texas
polk declared war after Mexico attacked US patrol
Effects
Mexico suffered military defeat
Increased US terriory
ehelped established military leaders prior to civil war -
Gold was discovered in CA and a mass migration took place to find more gold
population went from 14k to 380k by 1860 -
Mexico had to recognize that the Rio grande was the border of texas
us aqquiered territories of California's and new mexico
us paid 15 million dollars to acquire land -
Free spoilers nominated Van Buren
WHigs had Taylor
and Democrats had Cass
Taylor won the election showing northern resistance in spread of slavery -
California wanted a free state (1849)
Taylor wanted California to be free as well as New Mexico
Southern radicals opposed
Henry Clays plan was to admit CA as a free state, popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah, pan slave trade in DC, and enforce Fugitive slave laws -
US and Britian agreed to not control in canals in central America
Animated to prevent future conflicts with Britain -
US acquired parts of New Mexico and Arizona
help transcontinental railroad
Final MAJOR land addition in US -
Douglas wanted a trabscontinela railroad but there was debates over its route
he wanted to aim for soppurt from both North and SOuth
The act created the Kansas and Nebraska teriorties with popular soviengy and repealing the Missouri compromse -
Violence started in both North and South to control the terrioties
Proslavery forces attacked the town of lawernce
John Brown, anti-slavery radicalist, retaliated at Pottawatomie creek killing 5 people
Conflict intensified sectional tensions before war -
Republican nomitaed Fremont with no expansion on slavery
Democrats nominated Buchanon with a neutral choose in sides
Know Nothings had Fillmore that spilt anti-democrats vote. -
Based off of dred Scott. Scott sued for him freedom claiming that he lived in Wisconim for four years makingg him a free man. The courts denied his trial bease they saw Scott as property rather than a citizen.
This outraged northerners
strengher pro-slavery -
North experienced sharp unemployment and bank failures
South- cotton pieces were high, that led southern confindcne in thinking their economy was stronger and better -
Democratic party elected north- Douglas and the south also got a candidate to advocate slavery
Repuclicans nomitaed Lincoln to go against the expansion of slaver
Constitutional democratic party had John Bell to enforce the constsiution
LINCOLN WON -
increased tariff to raise money and protect the northern industry which led to the gov borrowing 2.6 billion dollars
inflation was raised to 80% in the north
led to the gov establishing more banks and having a standard currnecy -
Confederates attacked a federal fort in Chareston, SC
Lincoln sent a supply ship to avoid a battle
Fort SUmpter marked the start of the civil war
UNion surrenders but after the Confederate attacked the supply ship
Southern states seced- VA, NC, TN, AR after fort sumpter -
Confederate victory
shattered norths hope of a quick war
stonewall Jackson got his name for holding the Confederate lines -
gave federal land to states that would focus on agricultural and mechanical colleges
such as Vtech :( -
a major confederate voictory
poor planning and leadership within the union -
granted 160 acres of free public land to settlers to live and improve on for 5 years
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Union vicotry under Grant
very high causality rates on both sides
Helped the union gain control of TN and the mississippi river -
This provided federal support for the construction of the transcontinental railroad which connected CA to eastern states
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bloodiest day of the war
Union victory- stopped lees invasion of the north
allowed Lincoln to issue the emancipation Proclamaion ]
shifted wars focus to ending slavery -
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Freed all slaves in Confederate controlled areas,
did not free enslaved people in border or union controlled states
allowed feed slaves to partake in war
prevented European powers to help the confederacy -
Resulted in the union getting control of the Mississippi river and cutting south supplies
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Required young men to be in the draft
but- wealthy men can avoid this by paying a fee or providing a servce
led to the draft riots in NYC -
Union victory- which stopped souths attempt to move norh
major turning point of the war -
Union victory which shattered souths morale and left the south open
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ones of Lees greatest victories
confederates victory with flanking maneuvers
Jackson was wounded during battle
Showed the souths strong military -
This was to require 50% of voters to take an oath of loyalty before readmitting into the union.
lincoln refused this bill and blocked it with a pocket veto -
helped the union secure the gulf of Mexico and cut off Confederate ports
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Led by general WIlliam sherman- led troops across Georgia and destroy southern resources and morale
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Secured railroads and helped Lincoln win the reelection
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Union cut off supplies from Ricmond with new trench warfare
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surrender from Lee to Grant
wanted to aim for reconcilitaion
marked the end of the civil war -
This was after the emancipation proclamation which banned all slavery countrywide.
freedom to all enslaved people that was est. 4 million people. 3.5 million in the south and 500k in border states -
Declared all African Americans to be citizens that overturned dred scott, which provided legal protection against racist statelaws
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Johnson campiagned against the radical republicans which Johnson wanted equal rights for African Americans. This was a republican victory, which made them allowed to veto Johnson's vetoes
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this allowed citizenship
which declared all people born or naturalized in the US is a citizen. this required all states to respect the rights for all citizens -
Grant won presidency (by 300k)
more than 500k African Americans voted
this resulted in the 15th admendment -
this allowed all men to vote not based off of color, race, or prior conditions based off of servitude
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aimed to remove remaking restrictions of former confedeates
this allowed prior confederates to vote and hold office
the redeemers in the south got stronger -
a Pacific railroad company created fake stock which Grants congress was apart of with bribes. The railroad overcharged the gov for building the transcontinel railroad
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the liberal Republican party started that wanted to end the spoils syen, end gov funding of railroads, and withdraw troops from the south.
the liberals nominated Greely which democrats also upported
but grant was reelected -
econ depression that lasted 6 years. causes by overbuilding and risky investments of railroads and factories.
led to failures of banks, northerners unemployed, debtors wanting greeenacks which was paper money not backed by gold
Grant refused to stay in gold standard which worsened deppression -
Allowed African Americans equal access to public accodamtaion such as hotels, theatres, and transportation. This did not allow discrimination but this weakened over time.
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federa revune agents that cheated the gov with distellerys in whiceky taxes. Grant did not punish those involved, damaged his residency
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by 1876, federal troops were taken away from the south execpt for SC, FL, and LS
Republicans- Hayes
Demos-Tilden
tilden won the popular vote and almost the electoral vote
Hayes won from party lines and a special electoral commission -
Democrats eccpedt Hayes as president but only if Republicans can immedilt reomove all military support in the southern states, support te countrustion of the south efffects
remaking troops were taken from south, the reconstruction of the south ended, south Democrats (redeemers) regained control, this was the start of massive sergartion, black codes, and Jim crow laws