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A collection of around 60 medical texts from Ancient Greece. Provides a casual explanation of diseases and health mostly based on the four humors. Did not include anatomical information.
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An unknown epidemic in Athens.
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An Greek scholar dissects many different animals, but not humans, focusing on understanding anatomy rather than healing.
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A Greek physician and anatomist living in Alexandria, a major center for learning, preforming dissections and vivisections of humans.
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A Greek physician and anatomist living in Alexandria, a major center for learning, preforming dissections and vivisections of humans.
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A Roman and Greek physician, philosopher, and surgeon from the antiquity period, preforms dissections and vivisections on live animals believing in the importance of anatomy to understand and cure diseases. Writes extensively and later has his work complied to create the largest corpus of writings by any ancient Greek author.
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An unknown epidemic in the Roman Empire thought to perhaps be smallpox through Galen's descriptions.
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During the Byzantium era, uroscopy, or the study of urine, gains importance.
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Due to political turmoil, learning declines in Western Europe, but slowly recovers after 1000, reviving and translating ancient texts and establishing new centers of learning.
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Medieval medicine focuses on practical remedies and surgeries, expanding knowledge on subjects like medicinal plants, and revives ancient knowledge from Greek and Arabic, translating texts into Latin, the current language of learning, establishing a shared technical vocabulary.
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A plague epidemic in Europe. Historian Procopius of Caesarea notes the presence of a bubonic swelling in cases. Emperor Justinian falls ill but recovers.
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Rulers in France and Britain touch those with scrofula claiming that God heals them. Becomes known as the "King's Evil".
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Though leprosy had already been around for a long time, it enters historical records during Medieval times, affecting Europe and the Middle East. Thought to be contagious, lepers carry bells or clappers to announce themselves and are banned from many places and segregated to special hospitals. Lepers are seen as outcasts, punished for their sins, or discounting their time in purgatory.
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Wearing the color red is thought to be effective against smallpox. Queen Elizabeth I of England is the last to use the red treatment.
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An Italian physician, anatomist, surgeon, and professor at the University of Bologna uses cadavers for anatomical lessons and his texts become teaching manuals for universities for over two centuries. Dissects bodies during the winter to find the cause of death.
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A bubonic plague pandemic in Europe, Asia, and North America.
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Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press with movable characters in Mainz, Germany.
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A revival of ancient knowledge, especially from places like Greece, and a rise of jobs like artisans, surgeons, and artists.
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Greek Scholars flee West, taking with them manuscripts about ancient learning.
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Columbus' crew brings syphilis back to Europe.
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Christopher Columbus travels to the Americas, spreading and bringing back new diseases, and begins the first global era with the Columbian Exchange. Many natives die due to smallpox on their virgin soil.
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A French invasion creates an outbreak of Syphilis
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A break of religious unity in Europe, affecting the study of nature.
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Weekly bill showing how many people died and their causes of death.
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Bark from cinchona trees containing quinine in Peru reaches Europe as a remedy for malaria thanks to Johannes de Lugo.
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The first documented yellow fever outbreak of the New World occurs in Barbados.
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Thomas Sydenham tries to cool patients with air and drinks in contrast to the typical treatment of many disease which made patients sweat so they could expel the noxious matter.
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Théophile Bonet collects and comments on hundreds of previously published autopsies.
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Bernardino Ramazzini publishes a textbook associating over fifty different diseases to occupations.
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Cotton Mather promotes inoculation and gets his son inoculated after his slave, Onesimus, shows him his scar from the procedure, but is mocked.
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Lady Montagu has her daughter inoculated by Charles Maitland. Princess Caroline of Wales inoculates six prisoners and six orphans before getting her own daughter inoculated.
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James Jurin of the Royal Society studies statistics to show that inoculation is safer than contracting smallpox naturally.
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Edward Jenner discovers that becoming infected with cowpox makes people immune to smallpox. He injects cowpox pustule matter from a milkmaid into a boy, making him immune to smallpox.
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Before, scrofula and consumption or tuberculosis were seen as two different diseases with different symptoms, though both show similar lesions, but in different organs. Franciscus de le Воё Sylvius had realized this much prior.
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Massachusetts becomes the first state to have compulsory vaccination for smallpox.
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Johann Lukas Schönlein coins the term tuberculosis because of the presence of tubercles.
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John Simon urges reform in many areas like water, food, and housing and shows infant vaccination to be valid mandatory policy for smallpox.
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John Snow notices that Cholera affects the intestines, and not the lungs, suggesting that the disease is caused by contaminated water.
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Gerhard Hansen identifies the bacterium,
Mycobacterium leprae, responsible for leprosy, changing the name to Hansen's Disease. He infected a woman without consent to prove it was contagious. -
Robert Koch identifies the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis, responsible for anthrax.
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Albert Neisser identifies the bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, responsible for gonorrhea.
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Karl Joseph Ebert identifies the bacterium, Salmonella Typhi, responsible for typhoid fever.
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Louis Pasteur identifies the bacterium, Pasteurella multocida, responsible for avian cholera.
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Louis Pasteur develops an ineffective vaccine for avian cholera.
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Charles Laveran identifies Plasmodium, a genus of eukaryotic parasites, responsible for malaria.
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Louis Pasteur develops a vaccine for anthrax.
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Robert Koch identifies the bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, responsible for tuberculosis.
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Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler discover the bacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, responsible for diphtheria.
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Robert Koch identifies the bacterium,
Vibrio cholerae, responsible for cholera. -
Arthur Nicolaier identifies the bacterium, Clostridium tetani, responsible for tetanus.
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Albert Fraenkel identifies the bacterium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, responsible for pneumonia.
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Robert Koch develops an ineffective treatment using tuberculin, which is later found to be useful to diagnose tuberculosis.
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Alexandre Yersin and Kitasato Shibasaburō identify the bacterium, Yersinia pestis, responsible for the plague.
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Ronald Ross finds the malaria plasmodium in the stomachs of mosquitos.
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Carlo Forlanini develops artificial pneumothorax as a treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis.
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A bubonic plague epidemic in San Francisco.
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Carlos Finlay previously speculated that female mosquitos (Aedes aegypti) were responsible for the spread of yellow fever. Walter Reed confirms his theory.
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Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann identify the bacterium, Treponema pallidum, responsible for the syphilis.
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A Supreme Court case stating the public good overrides a person's personal freedom to not get vaccinated for smallpox every five years.
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Clemens von Pirquet discovers that patients with tuberculosis that were injected with tuberculin have an allergic reaction.
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Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper filter and remove all bacteria from a spinal cord of a sick patient and infect a monkey.
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Sahachiro Hata and Paul Ehrlich find that compound 606 to be partially effective against syphilis, but very toxic and hard to administer.
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Julius Wagner-Jauregg finds that high fevers can help with neurosyphilis, injecting patients with malaria and curing them with quinine.
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A global influenza pandemic.
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Alexander Fleming discovers the antibacterial properties of penicillium mold.
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Richard Shope identifies the virus, Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae, responsible for swine flu, later finding that it was closely related to the 1918 human influenza.
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Gerhard Domagk finds Prontosil to be an effective antibacterial treatment for streptococcal.
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Jean Macnamara and Macfarlane Burnet discover three different types of poliovirus, all needing different treatments.
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The US Public Health Service and Center for Disease Control conducts an unethical and racist clinical study on the effects of untreated syphilis on African-American males in Alabama.
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Max Theiler confirms that the causative agent is a virus smaller than any bacteria and develops an effective vaccine.
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Howard Florey and his team purify and produce large amounts of penicillin that proved to effective against many infections, but not all.
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Albert Schatz discovers streptomycin to be antibacterial against many different bacteria, including tuberculosis.
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Jörgen Lehmann discovers that salicylic acid stimulates the growth of tuberculosis bacterium and finds para-salicylic acid to be an effective antagonist to salicylic acid.
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Jonas Salk develops a vaccine using the inactive virus and requiring booster injections.
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Albert Sabin develops an oral vaccine using a weaken virus that does not require booster doses.
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Using a freeze-dried serum and the bifurcated needle, many more people could be vaccinated with less serum.
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Tu Youyou finds that artemisinin from the sweet wormwood plant to be an effective remedy for malaria.
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An ongoing global pandemic of HIV/AIDS.
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Luc Montagnier and Françoise Barré-Sinouissi discover a retrovirus, part of the Lentivirus genus, responsible for HIV/AIDS
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The American Branch of WHO launches a campaign to eradicate polio by 1990, which was not met. The American continent is declared polio free in 1994.
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WHO declares Europe to be polio free.
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Anthony Fauci sets up a global program for HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and research.
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A case of students challenging the mandate of the COVID-19 vaccine, masking, testing, and social distancing loses after Jacobson v. Massachusetts is invoked.