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Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
o Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.
o Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, and Russia. -
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Creation of the Mexican constitution of 1917. This was made to ensure a permanent democracy in Mexico.
Germany tries to enlist Mexico as an ally in the World War 1, but president Carranza struggles to mantain neutrality. -
Czar Nicholas II is overthrown and Bolsheviks, leaded by Lennin take power, this series of events led to Russia's withdrawal from the war
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United States brought into war due to unrestricted submarine warfare, German submarines had sunk the ship Lusitania.
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The new German government signed an armistice to end the fighting known as WW1.
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Representatives of 27 Allied nations met, (USA, Britain and France called the big three).
o January 25, 1919, conference accepted the idea of a League of Nations
o Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt declared on Germany and Austria
Germany had to pay reparations: 6.6 billion.
German army reduced to 100,000 men, cut back its navy, and eliminate its air force.
Alsace and Lorraine, returned to France.
Rhineland became a demilitarized zone
Poland and Belgium given German territory -
Carranza orders the ambush and murder of Zapata proving that he is increasingly growing as a reactionary president. He made that as an effort to maintain power.
1919 Obregón along with Adolfo de la Huerta and Plutarco Elías Calles becomes candidate for the 1920 elections. -
Venustiano Carranza is overthrown and assassinated by Obregon, who becomes the new president and makes his task to reform Mexico after 10 years of the devastation of the revolution.
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Obregon becomes president after releasing the Agua Prieta Plan, that accused former president, Carranza of favoritism. In his government:
-Agrarian reforms
-Sanction to the organizations of peasants and laborers.
-Mexican Cultural Revolution starts when Obregon accepts a sweeping educational reform led by José Vasconcelos. -
Plutarco Elías Calles, representative of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario PNR is elected president, during his regime he propelled political, social, economic and educative reforms. He also affiliated other political parties with similar goals. Oppressed religious groups, causing the Guerra Cristera.
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Obregon is reelected and killed by a religious fanatic the same year.
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The Partido Nacional Revolucionario [PNR] is created. In 1938 changes to Partido de la Revolucion Mexicana [PRM]. And since 1946 to the present is called Partido Revolucionario Institucional [PRI]
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Stock market crash or Black Tuesday, 13 million Americans unemployed.
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Adolf Hitler enters German government as a peaceful politician, after the Reichstag fire. He soon violated the Treaty of Versailles with a New Airforce, military draft, navy and troops in Rhineland. Also Sudetenland and Austria.
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Roosevelt’s “New Deal” plan to drag the country out of the Great Depression, 'First 100 Days'; intensive legislative activity.
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President Lázaro Cárdenas, in his period begins the nationalization of Mexican oil, as well as land reform and industrial expansion program.
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France and Great Britain declared war on Germany after it invaded Poland
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The elected president of 1940, Manuel Avila Camacho, forges a friendlier relationship with the USA. That lead mexico to declare war to the axis powers after the pearl harbor bombing in 1942.
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Leon Trotsky is murdered in Coyoacan, Mexico City by an assasin sent by Stalin.
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Depression is ending worldwide, nations stablish planned economies: all resources for the war effort. Free-market capitalistic systems put aside. Governments set up price, wage, and rent controls, rationed food supplies and materials, regulated imports and exports; took over transportation systems and industries.
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Japanese forces attack Hawaiian naval base, USA joins WWII
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Mexico accepts to pay USA oil companies $24 million, plus interest, for the properties expropriated in 1938.
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Allied troops land on French costs in an attempt to Free the German occupied areas, Biggest amphibian assault in history.
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First meeting at San Francisco. The Big Three divided Germany into four zones. Stalin compromised and agreed to free elections in Poland however he didn’t keep his word, "A freely elected government in any of these East European countries would be anti-Soviet, and that we cannot allow." this created mistrust
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Germany surrenders after Hitler suicides.
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Mexico joins to the United Nations.
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1945 August 6th Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, 1945 August 9th Atomic bomb on Nagasaki, 1945 August 14th Japan surrenders, WWII comes to an end
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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION [NATO]. USA, Canada, Belgium, Britain, France, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Luxembourg. 1955.
WARSAW PACT: Soviet Union, East Germany, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia. -
The Soviet Union set off its first atomic bomb, starting an arms race with the United States that lasted for 40 years.
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After World War II, most states in Southeast Asia gained independence from colonial rulers. France refused to let go of Vietnam.
1954 GENEVA PEACE ACCORDS. “Temporary” partition of Vietnam: Communist north, Hanoi. Non-Communist south, Saigon. Elections to create a single government in 1956. USA in 1965 opposed to the spread of communism, aided South Vietnam nationalists South Vietnamese Communists supported by North Vietnam and China -
Nikita Khrushchev succeeded to power after Stain died in May 5th. begins De-Stalinization; process of eliminating ruthless policies imposed by Stalin
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Soviets send to space 1st man-made satellite. USA fear of a nuclear attack intensifies
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Castro defeats dictator Fulgencio Batista and takes Cuba, Kennedy, fearing communist spread by Castro’s regime sends Cuban exiles to overthrow him, but as they land on the Bay of Pigs are ambushed and fail.
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Response to discoveries in genetics was slow in Mexico, but in this year the Genetics and Radiobiology program in Mexico was initiated, this gave world-class status to Mexico in this branch
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The German Democratic Republic (eastern). built a wall separating East and West Berlin. [East Germany was poverty stricken, flow of migrants through West Berlin].
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Khrushchev places nuclear missiles in Cuba as a response to the missiles in Turkey. Kennedy places blockade to avoid soviet ship from reaching destination. DECITION: soviet ship turned back, USA didn’t attack Cuba. 1963 hotline communication line between Moscow and Washington.
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Mexican technology gave a huge step with the first color TV invented by Guillermo González Camarena.
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President Johnson sent troops to South Vietnam to aid nationalist leader Ngo Dinh Diem in the struggle against South Vietnamese Communists “Viet Cong” supported by North Vietnam and China in the guerrillas.
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Students in Mexico City saw the success of the movement lead by French students as an opportunity to bring more open democracy to Mexico. The upcoming Olympic games was another opportunity to make pressure on the government, so 10 days before the Olympic Games, students make a passive protest in Tlatelolco that end in a massacre, mexican soldiers open fire against students.
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Olympic Games are held in Mexico, 10 days after Tlatelolco massacre.
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The first World Cup transmitted live and in color was held in Mexico, this mark a huge step in the modern era.
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President Nixon withdrew American troops from the Vietnamese war though the Paris Peace Accords, North Vietnamese Communists seized Vietnam 2 years after this.
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Huge oil reserves founded in the shores of Campeche, Tabasco and Veracruz. This becomes one of the largest reserves of oil in the world.
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José López Portillo promise to use the oil for industrial expansion so he borrows huge sums of foreign money. They discover that the oil is low grade, Mexico drowns in a huge debt
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President Luis Echeverría bought companies in the border of bankrupt to support the jobs, this had bad consequences, when López Portillo becomes president, the Mexican peso devaluated: 12.50= 1 dollar to 20= 1 dollar
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López Portillo made an agreement with the International Monetary Fund compromising to limit the public debt, agreement that last only one year.
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Soviet Union invades Afghanistan. Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to support a pro-Soviet government, which occupied Afghanistan for ten years, meanwhile the US and Pakistan supported Islamic insurgents “mujahideen”.
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United States led a boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow as a response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
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Thanks to the previous debt and the devaluation of the Mexican peso the debt trebled: 6,800 millions of dollars in 1976 to 19,107 millions of pesos in 1982.
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USSR, East Germany, and Cuba boycott Los Angeles Olympics. As a result of the Communist boycott, the United States dominated the Los Angeles games, with American athletes winning 174 medals, including 83 gold medals.
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Soviets withdrew their troops from Afghanistan, the Islamic groups struggled for control of Afghanistan. By 1998, one of these groups, the ultraconservative faction known as the Taliban controlled two-thirds of the country.
