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𝑆𝑒 𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑜́ 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐸𝑔𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑎 𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑝𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖́𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑜́𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑜 𝐸𝑔𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝑋𝑉𝐼𝐼 𝑎.𝐶. ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑅𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑖́𝑠 -
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒́𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎́𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠, 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒́𝑛 𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠: 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑜, 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎́𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑜, 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑖́𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜. 𝐿𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒́𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑠, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑦 𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒. -
𝐿𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑝𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑦 𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖́𝑎. 𝐸𝑙 𝐽𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑂𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐻𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑎. 1275 𝑎. 𝐶.).
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𝑆𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑎́𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑎, 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑗𝑢𝑑𝑖́𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑗𝑢𝑑𝑖́𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖́𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝐼𝐼 𝑎. 𝐶, 𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑙𝑎 𝐵𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑎, 𝑒𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑢𝑑 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑎́. -
𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑖́𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑜́, 𝑦 𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑎𝑙 2200 𝑎.𝐶., 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑜́ 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖́𝑎 𝑋𝑖𝑎. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑜, 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑉𝐼 𝑎.𝐶., 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑙𝑎́𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑜 𝑊𝑢 𝑗𝑖̄𝑛𝑔. -
𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆 𝐸́𝑃𝑂𝐶𝐴𝑆 𝐼𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑅𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑆
𝐸́𝑃𝑂𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐿𝐴́𝑆𝐼𝐶𝐴 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑉𝐼 𝑎.𝐶. ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝐼𝐼 𝑎.𝐶.
𝐸́𝑃𝑂𝐶𝐴 𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝐸𝑉𝐴𝐿 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼 ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝐼𝐼
𝐸́𝑃𝑂𝐶𝐴 𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸𝑅𝑁𝐴 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝐼𝐼𝐼 ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑖́𝑎𝑠. -
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎, 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖́𝑛 (𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑖́ 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒́𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑎). 𝑆𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑐ℎ𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑒́𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑠, 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒: 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑎, 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑜-𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎. -
𝑆𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎, 𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑅𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝑉.
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𝑆𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜 𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑗𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐼𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑋𝑉 𝑦 𝑋𝑉𝐼, 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑜, 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑔𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑎 -
𝐴 𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝑉𝐼𝐼 𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖́𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑜, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜́ 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑, 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 -
𝐹𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑎́𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜́ 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝑉𝐼𝐼𝐼, 𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́ 𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑎 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑜, 𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜́ 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑜, 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑎. 𝑦 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜́ ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝐼𝑋. -
𝐸𝑙 𝑡𝑒́𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑜́ 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝑉𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖́𝑎 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐼𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝐼𝑋, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑠.
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𝑆𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑜 𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑜; 𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑋𝑉𝐼𝐼 𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑜, 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑒́𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑜́ 𝑚𝑎́𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎́𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠, 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜𝑠 1820 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑎 𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑏. 𝑙. -
𝐸𝑙 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒́𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝐼𝑋 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑦𝑜́ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑒 (1852-1933), 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎 𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑎, 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜́𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑜 𝑦 𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑜́𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒́𝑠. 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑖́𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑟
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𝐸𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑖𝑧𝑜 𝑒𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝐼𝑋. 𝑆𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑜́ 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎́𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑦 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 -
𝐸𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑜́ 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝑋,𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑖́𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑗𝑜́𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑠𝑢 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑙𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑢 𝑒́𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 -
𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜́ 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎. 𝑀𝑎́𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖́𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜, 𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑜́ 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑜, 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎́𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝑋 -
𝐴 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 20 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖́𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑠 "𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑠 ", 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒́𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜́𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 1920 𝑦 1930
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𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑒́𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑓𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑛, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜́ 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑎́𝑛. 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑜́ 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑒́𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 1910 𝑦 1920. -
𝐸𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑖́𝑠 𝑒𝑛 1924. 𝑆𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝐼 𝐺𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎 𝑀𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐼𝐼 𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎 𝑀𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙. 𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒, 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑖́𝑎𝑠. -
𝐿𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎́𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑒́𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑. 𝐸𝑙 𝑙𝑖́𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑎́𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖́𝑜𝑑𝑜 “𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒” 𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑎 𝑎 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜 𝑋𝐼𝑋, 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝐺𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎 𝑀𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 -
𝐿𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙, 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟, 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖́𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠. 𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑔𝑒́𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑦𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠.