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Identification: France’s government debt and famine caused widespread economic hardship. Cause/Effect: Economic crisis fueled anger at the monarchy, prompting calls for political reform.
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Identification: Representatives of the Third Estate break from traditional voting rules to create a unified assembly. Cause/Effect: This act challenged royal authority and marked the start of revolutionary governance. -
Identification: Limited the king’s power and established legislative authority. Cause/Effect: Dissatisfaction with continued royal influence contributed to radicalization, including the war with Austria. -
Identification: Revolutionary government engages foreign monarchies to defend France and spread revolutionary ideals. Cause/Effect: Military failures and internal strife strengthened radical leaders, paving the way for the execution of Louis XVI. -
Identification: A traditional assembly of the three estates (clergy, nobility, commoners) to address financial issues. Cause/Effect: The Estates General provided a political platform that allowed the Third Estate to push for reform, leading to the creation of the National Assembly. -
Identification: Members of the National Assembly vow not to disband until a constitution is created. Cause/Effect: Solidified revolutionary unity and pressured the king to accept reforms, leading to the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. -
Identification: Peasants revolt against landlords, fearing aristocratic conspiracies. Cause/Effect: Led the National Assembly to abolish feudal privileges, advancing revolutionary reforms. -
Identification: A foundational document asserting equality, liberty, and property rights. Cause/Effect: Provided ideological justification for further revolutionary action and legal reforms, including the Constitution of 1791. -
Identification: Parisian crowds attack a royal prison seen as a symbol of tyranny. Cause/Effect: Demonstrated popular support for revolution and escalated tensions between the monarchy and citizens. -
Identification: The king is tried and executed for treason. Cause/Effect: His death radicalized France, leading to internal terror campaigns and the rise of Robespierre. -
Identification: Radical leaders execute perceived enemies of the revolution to maintain control. Cause/Effect: Created political instability, which eventually allowed moderate forces to replace radical leadership with the Directory. -
Identification: A five-member government replaces the National Convention after the fall of Robespierre. Cause/Effect: Weak governance led to popular dissatisfaction, setting the stage for Napoleon’s coup d’état. -
Identification: Napoleon seizes power and centralizes authority under the Consulate. Cause/Effect: Ended revolutionary chaos and started Napoleonic reforms; eventually led to him becoming Emperor. -
Identification: Napoleon crowns himself, establishing the Napoleonic Empire. Cause/Effect: His new power allowed him to implement the Napoleonic Code and European conquests, including battles like Trafalgar and Leipzig. -
Identification: Napoleon’s final defeat ends his rule and French dominance in Europe. Cause/Effect: Marked the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire and restoration of monarchies, concluding the revolutionary and Napoleonic era.