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Hassuna, Samarra, and Halaf were the civilizations.
In early cultures, ceramic remains. -
Agriculture, irrigation canals: Intensive farming, surplus production.
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Cities, writing: State domination, Sumerian language.
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First territorial state: Founded by Sargon, Semitic language.
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First urban culture: Southern Mesopotamia, cuneiform writing.
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Paleo-Babylonian Empire: King Hammurabi, fell to the Hittites.
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Trade, empire Northern Mesopotamia, commercial districts.
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Neo-Babylonian Empire: Founded by Nabopolassar, fell to Persians.
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Achaemenid dynasty: Conquered Neo-Babylonian Empire, defeated by Alexander.