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Early Neolithic cultures (Hassuna, Samarra, and Halaf) in northern Mesopotamia.
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Ubaid Period: Development of intensive agriculture and construction of irrigation canals.
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Emergence of the Sumerian civilization and the founding of the first cities like Uruk.
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Appearance of cuneiform writing in Sumer.
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Sargon of Akkad establishes the first territorial empire in Mesopotamia, the Akkadian Empire.
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Reign of Hammurabi in Babylon; creation of the Code of Hammurabi.
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Middle Assyrian Period: Assyria establishes an empire in Upper Mesopotamia.
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Nabopolassar founds the Neo-Babylonian Empire and defeats the Assyrians.
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Fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the Persians led by Cyrus II.
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Alexander the Great defeats the Persian Empire, marking the end of the Achaemenid dynasty.