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King Henry VIII started the Church of England in 1534 after the Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. This moves separated England from the Roman Catholic Church, making Henry the head of the new church. It allowed him to control religious matters, seize church lands, and reshape English religion and politics.
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In the 1440s, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in Germany. His movable type press made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply, spreading knowledge and ideas across Europe. This invention helped spark the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution, transforming education and communication forever.
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The Magna Carta was signed in 1215 by King John of England. It limited the king’s power and established that everyone, including the king, must obey the law. It introduced rights like fair trials and protection from unfair taxes. Although first for nobles, its ideas later shaped democracy and human rights worldwide.
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The late Middle Ages saw the end of the great growth and wealth of the high Middle Ages. famines and plagues such as the black death killed millions of people. poor people began to revolt against the unfair laws and conditions they to put up with, such as the peasant's revolt in 1381 in England. this was a period of great civil unrest, but it was also the beginning of strong interest in literature and the arts
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The Battle of Hastings took place in 1066 between William, Duke of Normandy, and King Harold II of England. William won the battle, killing Harold and claiming the English throne. This victory led to the Norman conquest of England, changing the country’s culture, language, and government forever.
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The Norman conquest led by William the conqueror in 1066 CE led to the creation of France, England and Germany. farming did very well in western Europe, and towns and religions became wealthy and built up their resources. disagreements within the catholic church led to a serious split between the church. during the high Middle Ages there was also a lot of fighting between Christian armies and the Islamic empire over holy places such as Jerusalem. theses wars are known as the crusades.
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In 800 CE, Charlemagne, king of the Franks, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome. This event joined the power of the church and state, symbolizing the revival of the Roman Empire in Western Europe. Charlemagne’s rule strengthened Christianity, education, and government, shaping the foundation of medieval Europe.
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Charlemagne, king of the Franks, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome. This event united Christian Europe under his rule and symbolized the partnership between the church and the monarchy. Charlemagne’s empire promoted learning, religion, and strong government, shaping medieval European civilization.
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also known as the European dark ages, the early Middle Ages began with the fall of Rome. Germanic people began to invade the western roman empire. roman cities were toppled, and new rulers took over. the Islamic empire spread from the Arabian Peninsula, invading much of Spain and northern Africa. Charlemagne led the franks and with the catholic church created the holy roman empire. eventually the western roman empire lost its dominance over Europe and was replaced by the eastern roman empire.
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The fall of the Roman Empire faced political chaos, economic problems, and constant attacks from outside forces. Weak rulers, corruption, and civil wars made it difficult to control a vast empire. Heavy taxes and a struggling economy led to poverty and unrest, while the army grew less loyal and relied more on foreign soldiers. In 476 CE, the Germanic leader Odoacer overthrew the last Roman emperor, marking the end of the Western Roman Empire.
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clovis (Frankish king) is baptized as Christian - starting the influence of the church on European politics
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Frankish king Pepin helps pope Stephen II by defeating the Lombards. the Frankish kings is now the military authority of the church
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the church governs small countries in italy
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Alfred the great unites the Saxon kingdoms and becomes the king of England
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Norman king William the conqueror becomes king of England and was a group of franks and Viking in northern France
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The battle of Manzikert sees the Seljuk Turks defeating the byzantine empire, leading to the loss of significant byzantine territories in Anatolia. this weakened byzantine control in the region, impacting the stability of the holy land
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Pope Urban II delivers the speech at the council of Clermont, calling for the first crusade. this speech urged Christians to take up arms and reclaim the holy land from Muslim control.
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The Crusaders, after a long bloody siege, capture Jerusalem during the first crusade. This leads to the establishment of Crusader states in the Levent
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The second Crusade, led by European kings like louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, ends in disappointment with failed attempts to recapture territories lost to the Muslims
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the pivotal battle of Hattin takes place where Saladin's forces defeat the crusaders, leading to the recapture of Jerusalem. this prompts pope Gregory VIII to call for the third crusade
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Phillip II of France, Richard I of England (the lionheart) and Frederick I, holy roman emperor lead the third crusade. they took back many territories from Saladin but failed to win back Jerusalem
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Pope innocent III declares the fourth crusade to take back Jerusalem
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during the fourth crusade, instead of reaching the holy land, the crusaders sack Constantinople, weakening the byzantine empire and causing divisions among Christians
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English Norman rulers fight a series of battle in France because they had a claim on the French throne
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King Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He is famous for his six marriages and for breaking away from the Catholic Church to form the Church of England, making himself its head. His reign strengthened royal power, expanded the navy, and led to major religious and political changes in England.