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A Christian spiritual movement that inspired reform. Christians focused on faith again, began going to church more often, studied the Bible, held faith meetings. This inspired the creation of secret churches among the slaves. Also, during this time, the Unitarians began gaining traction. The Unitarians are a religious group that focused on reason as the path to perfection. These spiritual awakenings caused many to push for social reform.
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During this approximate timespan, the market revolution took place. This was kicked off by the construction of the Erie Canal. During this time, there was a resurgance of mercantile ideas, and people concerned themselves more with the buying and selling of goods.
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Based on the evidence through the antebellum period, I think that the war was inevitable. The main issue was slavery, which was a horrible institution, and therefore there will be those who rise against it. The southern states wanted slavery for the economic benefits, and the northern states opposed it because it was wrong. In such a controversial topic, tensions rose, and it escalated until the point of secession. There really was no way of stopping the war, because neither side would content.
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The Erie Canal was built, connecting New York City to Lake Erie, and it changed the economy in NYC
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When Missouri joined the Union, there were debates over whether it should be slave or free. To end the arguments, Missouri was made slave, Maine was made free, and a border was drawn between the southern slave states and northern free states.
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In the early 1820s, the Lowell Textile Mills opened. These were large factories that employed women. The conditions at the mills were extremely harsh and the pay was low. The owners of the mills described the workers as machinery rather than people.
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Emma Willard founds the first academic school for girls in Troy, New York. This school, the Troy Seminary School, became the model for the schools for girls after it.
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Southerners attacked the second U.S. bank, led to a political struggle involving the bank system.
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Nat Turner, a slave from Virginia, led about 50 other slaves in a violent rebellion against several different plantations, killing about 60 white people, before the group was captured and most were killed. This caused many slave owners to become nervous and angry, and they began actively opposing abolition.
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Henry Lloyd Garrison starts an abolition newspaper called The Liberator. This was a militant paper, emphasising the importance of freeing the slaves immediately at all costs.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson, a philosopher and writer, travelled to England and discovered romanticism. This was an artistic and philosophical movement which focused on nature, humanity, and imagination. Upon his return to America, Emerson took these principles and created the philosophy of Transcendentalism, which stated that truth can be discovered through the connection between nature and one's one emotions and experience.
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Oberlin college in Ohio includes 4 female students in its new class, becoming the first co-ed school in the nation.
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Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph and morse code. Initially this technology was used by business owners to keep in touch with other branches, but was picked up by the government and used by the military in the civil war.
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There was a massive increase in immigration during this time. During these 9 years alone, 3 million Europeans immigrated to America.
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Fredrick Douglass was an escaped slave who became a prominent abolitionist in the north. Unlike Henry Lloyd Garrison, Douglass was a gradualist, and believed that the release of slaves should be done carefully and deliberately. In 1848, he started his own newspaper, The Morning Star, which advocated his gradualist principles in abolition.
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This was a large gathering were women came from across the country to discuss women's rights. There, they created their own document of rights, resembling the declaration of independence. Men attended the convention as well, which took place over 2 days.
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Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman to graduate from medical school. She later opens the New York Infirmary for Women and Children.
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The North passed the Fugitive Slave Act and the South gained California as a slave state.
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Preston Brooks, the nephew of a senator, attacked senator Charles Sumner with a cane because Sumner supported slavery.
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Dred Scott, an escaped slave, attempted to sue his former owner. In response, the Supreme Court decided that African-Americans did not count as citizens or people, and therefore could not sue.
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Abolitionists attacked the military station and Harper's Ferry, but their leader John Brown was caught and killed.
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President Abraham Lincoln elected, Southerners become angry because of his anti-slavery views. Throughout the war, he was a source of inspiration for the soldiers with his powerful speeches and devotion. He interacted with his soldiers often. He was very adamant about passing the 13th amendment, and wouldnt even end the war until it passed.
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The Southern states began seceding, one by one, starting with South Carolina. This marked the beginning of the Civil War.
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First battle of the Civil War, the south besieged Fort Sumter, which eventually surrendered. There were no casualties in this battle.
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When the South attempted to secede from the Union in response to the election of Abraham Lincoln and the push for abolition, a war broke out between the two halves of our nation. Link to technological and strategic aspects of the war.
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The first real battle of the Civil War with bloodshed. Took place 25 miles from D.C. This is where Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname. The Confederates won this battle, and it boosted Southern morale greatly.
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President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed southern slaves. This was done mainly as a war tactic, to deprive the south of their workers.
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This was considered the turning point of the war, that led to the Northern victory. Taking place in southern pennsylvania, the battle lasted several days, with the North eventually winning. This is where Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address was delivered.
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This was Lincolns plan for reconstruction. The deal was that the government would pardon confederates who swore an oath of allegiance, except for high ranking officers and war criminals. Once ten percent of the representatives who voted in 1860 to secede swore this oath, confederate states could reenter the union.
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The thirteenth amendment freed all slaves, and made the practice of slavery illegal everywhere. This amendment was supported by the republicans and opposed by the democrats. Lincoln fought hard to get this amendment through congress, and it was a major victory for freedom.
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This is the 'healing period' after the Civil War. In truth, this was a time of great violence and turmoil, with much conflict between the north and south. Former slaves were killed in masses, hate groups like the KKK formed, and the south's economy collapsed. Laws like the black codes were formed to control african americans. The radical republicans in the senete fought for power over the southern states, and so the conflict between the north and south still raged on for a time.
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Robert E. Lee surrendered to the Union at Appomattox courthouse. This ended the war and started the reconstruction period.
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Lincoln was shot at Ford Theater very shortly after the end of the war. He was killed by the famous actor and southern sympathyzer John Wilkes Booth. This started a massive manhunt for Booth, who was caught and killed a couple days later.
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Johnson prevented high ranking confederate officers from swearing the oath and voting. He did the same to wealthy plantation owners, in an attempt to break the planter's power. The states accepted the terms and reentered the union.
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Did not recognize state governments formed under the Lincoln and Johnson plans. Instead divided the south into military districts, and required that they give african american men the right to vote.
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The general of the Union from the war, Grant was elected in 1868.
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This states that all citizens have equal rights, states must let minorities vote, ex-confederates could not vote or hold office unless pardoned by the President, and all confederate money is useless.
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States cannot prevent individuals from voting based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
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Overall, the antebellum, civil war, and reconstruction phases were probably the most turbulent times in all of our country's history. Many died, many were opressed, and many lost. The period did eventually give birth to the industrial revolution, however, which propelled our nation into a new era of industrialism and progress.
