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Phonics Instruction emphasized teaching reading by connecting letters to sounds. It created the shift from rote memorization of words to systematic understanding of alphabetical principles. Adam, M.J.(1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. MIT Press.
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Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasized that development is socially mediated. Vygotsky, L.S.(1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
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Jeanne S. Chall is known for her stages of reading development and her influential work that argued that phonics and systematic decoding are essential foundations for proficient reading. Call, J.S.(1983). Learning to read: The great debate. McGraw-Hill.
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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided federal funding to improve education, particularly for disadvantaged students. U.S. Department of Education. (2015). A brief history of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
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The Whole Language Approach focuses on literacy as a meaning-making process, prioritizing experiences over isolated drills. Goodman, K.S.(1986). What's whole in whole language? Heinemann.
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The No Child Left Behind Act strengthened accountability in reading and literacy by requiring annual testing starting in the third grade. Dee T.S., Jacob B.(2011). The impact of the No Child Left Behind Act on student achievement. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 30(3), 418-446.