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The Magna Carta was imposed on King John by rebellious barons to limit royal power , control taxation , and establish the principle that the king was subject to the law . -
During Henri VIII's reign , England underwent a major religious and political transformation with the creation of the Church of England
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A German monk who published the Ninety-Five Theses , criticising the sale of indulgences and launching the Protestant Reformation that later influenced religious change in England . -
Henry's break with Rome , making the king Supreme Head of the Church of England after the Pope refused to grant him a divorce . -
Under Henri VIII , two Acts of Union legally integrated Wales into England , extending English law and reinforcing central authority .
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Edward VI's reign saw England move further towards Protestanism , despite economic instability and social unrest .
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Mary I restored Catholicism , repealed Protestant legislation , and persecuted Protestants , earning her the nickname " Bloody Mary " .
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Elizabeth I established a lasting religious settlment through the Anglican via media , creating a compromise between Catholic and Protestant practices .
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where only 60 of the 500 English colonists survived in America
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Puritans fleeing religious persecution under James I founded Plymouth Colony , shaping New England's religious and social organisation . -
The English Civil War opposed Parliament to Charles I over authority and taxation and ended with the king's execution
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After the execution of Charles I , England became a republic led by Oliver Cromwell ( Lord Protevtor ) and Parliament , marking the first sustained republican experiment in England before the monarchy was restored .
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James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution , and his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William III became rulers and accepted Bill of Rights that confirmed Parliament's supermacy , and established a constitutional monarchy .
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The Act of Union united England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain through a parliamentary union . -
The American colonies rebelled against British authority , leading to independence and the loss of major part of the First British Empire in America
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The Anglo-Irish Union created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , strenghtening British control over Ireland . -
Devolution transferred certain political powers from Westminster to Scotland and Wales . -
The Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly were established -
The Good Friday Agreement introduced devolved government in Northern Ireland and helped end decades of sectarian conflict . -
The United Kingdom oficially left the European Union , redefining its sovereignty and political relationship with Europe .