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Limites outdoor relief. Instead indoor relief where able-bodied poor had to work in terrible conditions to encourage them to find work elsewhere
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German customs union -- first Prussia then more states joined up to 1854
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England overtaken by other countries (especially Germany)
Taylorism
Consumerism
"Scientific" progress ≠ previous mechanical/ technological
Social insurance systems AND state interventioon after Long Depression
Rise of global trade (including colonial trade) -- beginning of interdependence -
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Causes : speculation bubbles (see US railroad), overextension of credit, Vienna Stock Exchange Market Crash
Shift from laissez-faire to protectionism
Growth continues, but at a slower pace