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John Dalton's Atomic Theory
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/daltons-atomic-theory/#:~:text=Summary,extremely%20small%20particles%20called%20atoms.
John Dalton experimented a lot with gasses, and eventually branched out into the other states of matter, and concluded that there are atoms with atomic weights, and later created the very first atomic weight chart, previous to this, the atoms had no experimental backbone, and thus were considered fake -
JJ Tomson's Discovery of the Electron
https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/joseph-john-j-j-thomson#:~:text=In%201897%20Thomson%20discovered%20the,invention%20of%20the%20mass%20spectrograph.
JJ Thomson experimented with rays against electrically charged plates and found that there were particles much smaller than atoms, and found that these particles (electrons) played a significant role in the charge of atoms -
Ernest Rutherford's Observations of the Structure of the Atom through Alpha Rays
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/
Rutherford threw alpha particles over very thin gold, and the alpha particles bounced in every direction, meaning that the atoms were more separated in organized layers, were positively charged, and are very dense, as opposed to the previously theorized Plumb-pudding model -
Neils Bohr's Discovery of the Behavior of Electrons
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1922/bohr/facts/
Bohr benefited off of previous quantum experiments, specifically JJ Thomson and Rutherford's experiments to propose the activity of electrons, and radioactivity, adding more detail to the electrons of the outskirts of atoms -
Erwin Schrodinger's Wave Equation
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1933/schrodinger/facts/
Erwin was able to make an equation that stated that electrons could absorb certain wavelengths, further contributing to the behavior of atoms. -
John Chadwick's Discovery of the Neutron
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/biographical/
Chadwick, by bombarding Beryllium with alpha particles, was able to prove the existence of neutrons, particles with no charge, the last particle in an atom