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https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Progressive-education
The Progressive education movement was part of a larger reform effort from late 1800s-early 1900s. Schools struggled to keep up with fast-changing social conditions. Reformers started with experimental schools to try out their new ideas. Supporters of the child-centered approach believed schools should adjust to fit each child's needs. This was later put into practice in the U.S. by educators like Francis Parker -
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education
This landmark Supreme Court decision declared that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. It laid the groundwork for challenging discrimination against students with disabilities. -
https://www.ed.gov/essa
This Act was signed into law in 1965 by President Lyndon Baines Johnson, who believed that "full educational opportunity" should be "our first national goal." This Act included provisions to improve the educational opportunities for disadvantaged children, including those with disabilities. It marked a significant federal commitment to education. -
https://pubintlaw.org/cases-and-projects/pennsylvania-association-for-retarded-citizens-parc-v-commonwealth-of-pennsylvania/
This court case ruled that children with intellectual disabilities could not be denied access to public education. It was a major step towards ensuring educational rights for all children. -
https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/mills-v-board-education-district-columbia-1972
This case extended the right to education to all children with disabilities, emphasizing that public schools must provide appropriate services to these students. In this case 7 children were denied public education by the District of Columbia School District because of their disabilities and the extra costs the school would face to accommodate them. The lawsuit was brought to court to fight for their right to education. -
https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History
This Act guaranteed a free appropriate public education (FAPE) for children with disabilities and mandated the development of Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). Before EHA, many children were denied access to education and opportunities to learn. Since it was passed in 1975, there has been a lot of progress in creating and improving programs for early help, special education, and related services for students with disabilities. -
https://www.congress.gov/bill/99th-congress/senate-bill/2294#:~:text=Requires%20that%20each%20handicapped%20infant,including%20the%20parent%20or%20guardian.
These amendments extended services to preschool-aged children with disabilities and emphasized early intervention. -
https://nche.ed.gov/legislation/idea/
https://disabilityrightsflorida.org/disability-topics/disability_topic_info/individuals_with_disabilities_education_act_of_2004_idea
The EAHCA was renamed IDEA, reinforcing the right to a free appropriate public education and incorporating additional provisions for transition planning and inclusion. IDEA also includes specific provisions related to special education for students experiencing homelessness. -
https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/house-bill/5
These amendments included provisions for greater inclusion of students with disabilities in regular education classrooms and increased accountability measures for schools. Previously, the law did not specifically incorporate disabled students within general education classrooms. -
https://youtu.be/0--2nhsDorg?si=YJ_zxv_n9qgIVkHU
NCLB was created to deal with the worry that the American education system was falling behind other countries. This Act which was signed by president Bush at the time, aimed to improve educational outcomes for all students, including those with disabilities, by emphasizing standardized testing and accountability. -
https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/se/lr/ideareathztn.asp#:~:text=On%20December%203%2C%202004%2C%20President,significant%20changes%20in%20the%20law.
The reauthorization focused on improving accountability and aligning educational standards, enhancing the inclusion of students with disabilities in general education settings. The requirements regarding “highly qualified” special education teachers took effect right away after being signed -
https://www.thecorestandards.org/wp-content/uploads/Application-to-Students-with-Disabilities-again-for-merge1.pdf
The standards, are educational benchmarks for English and math that aim to prepare all students for college or careers. For disabled students, it supports the use of accommodations, individualized instruction, and assistive technology to aid them access the curriculum. This aligns with IDEA by promoting inclusion and equal educational opportunities in the least limiting environment. -
https://www.ed.gov/essa
ESSA which was signed by then president Obama, replaced NCLB and maintained a focus on accountability but gave more flexibility to states and local districts in how they address educational outcomes for all students, including those with disabilities. -
https://sites.ed.gov/idea/questions-and-answers-qa-on-u-s-supreme-court-case-decision-endrew-f-v-douglas-county-school-district-re-1/
The Court ruled that public schools must provide an IEP that is carefully planned to help a child make progress that suits their individual needs raising the standard from minimal benefit to a more and ambitious level. This ensures that students with disabilities have the opportunity to achieve meaningful progress and meet challenging goals. -
https://www.vanhollen.senate.gov/news/press-releases/van-hollen-huffman-introduce-bill-to-fully-fund-special-education#:~:text=introduced%20the%20IDEA%20Full%20Funding,has%20access%20to%20educational%20opportunity.
This Act is a proposed bill to gradually increase federal funding for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) to 40% of the average per-pupil cost, ensuring schools have adequate resources to educate students with disabilities and fulfill the federal funding commitment.