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The island of Great Britain is called Britannia. There the British tribes live, especially the Celts. They have pagan Celtic beliefs such as Druidism. Likewise, the Druids were priests, but also leaders, religious, doctors, judges, philosophers, historians, and political advisors.
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Unsuccessful invasions of Julius Caesar in Great Britain.
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The Roman Empire invades the island, England becomes a province.
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The Roman Empire governs the province of Britannia. The empire builds constructions and introduces Christianity and the Latin language.
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Anglo-Saxons invade Roman Britain, also called Britannia.
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Christianity is born in England; Anglo-Saxon people convert other people to Christianity in England. There is economic stability, moreover, culture and society are established.
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The Vikings were raiders from the North, Vikings arrive from Scandinavia. In 794, the Viking Age begins when they raid the island of Lindisfarne in England. Nevertheless, different kings try to counter the Viking incursions in many battles until they fail, and finally, this age ends.
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King Cnut the Great rules the kingdoms of England, Denmark, and Norway.
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Norman conquest by William, Duke of Normandy after the death of King Harold II.
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The Anarchy Civil war in England and Normandy after the death of Henry I.
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The reign of the dynasty of the House of Plantagenet begins with King Henry II.
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Murder of Archbishop Becket of Canterbury by followers of King Henry II.
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Some nobles and the Catholic Church rebel against King John, but eventually, the King and the Archbishop of Canterbury sign a rulebook called Magna Carta Libertatum, or Great Charter. This rulebook helps to establish the principles of the current parliament.
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King Edward I (also called Edward) Longshanks invades Scotland and subsequently conquers Wales.
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Conflicts between England and France over the right to rule France that last approximately 116 years and finally end with the victory of France.
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The Black Death, also called the pestilence, kills about 50% of the population.
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Henry IV becomes the first English-speaking monarch since before the Conquest.
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Civil wars between Henry VI (House of Plantagenet) and the Dukes of the House of York. These wars end with the victory of the House of York and mark the end of the English Medieval Period.
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Tudor dynasty union of the Lancaster and York Houses and the reign of Henry VII begins.
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The United Kingdom, through colonies, settlements, and dominions, extends its territory throughout the world. The British Empire begins around 1500 with different maritime explorations and ends in 1997 with the British return of Hong Kong to China.
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King Henry VIII decides to divorce Catherine of Aragon because she cannot give him a male heir. The Pope refuses to grant the divorce, this causes the rupture with the Catholic Church and the beginning of the English Reformation. Finally, the Protestant Reformation begins in Europe, and the monarchy becomes Supreme Head of the Church of England.
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Queen Mary I earns the title of 'Bloody Mary' because the queen promotes the murder of many Protestants. Besides, she attempts to convert the population of England to Catholicism.
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Protestantism returns, Queen Elizabeth I helps to promote Protestantism in Scotland, and, on the other hand, the Pope declares the queen a heretic.
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Shakespeare is one of the greatest writers of all time in the English language.
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James I in England also reigns Scotland. In 1605, The Gunpowder Treason Plot fails: Assassination plot by some English Catholics against King James I.
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Creation of companies (Virginia Company of London and Plymouth) for the colonization of other lands. Then, in 1606, in North America, Jamestown the first English colony was established.
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Translation of the Christian Bible to the Church of England.
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Politico-religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants.
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Wars and conflicts to determine the way in which England, Ireland and Scotland are governed between Royalist and Parliamentarians. These conflicts end at the Battle of Worcester with the victory of the Parliamentarians.
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During the reign of King Charles I, civil wars break out. The Parliamentarians hold a trial of the king and sentence him to death. Subsequently, they form a republican government and tries to abolish the monarchy. Also, the Parliamentarians unite England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Oliver Cromwell and later Richard Cromwell receive the title of Lord Protector for leading the Parliament of England.
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The island of Jamaica, previously owned by Spain, is now a colony of England.
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The restoration of the monarchy is caused by the death of Oliver Cromwell in this period. Therefore, King Charles II ascends to the throne.
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First settlement in Africa located at James Island (now Kunta Kinteh Island).
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Four laws to strengthen the power of the Church of England.
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The British control the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam and rename it New York.
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In this year, they are already established:
American colonies: Virginia, New England, and Maryland.
Settlements: Canada, Bermudas, and Barbados. -
Creation of Royal African Company to control the African slave trade.
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King James II, who is Catholic, persecutes the protestant clergy.
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Overthrow of James II and the beginning of English parliamentary democracy with the creation of the Bill of Rights.
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The Queen and King rule of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
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Wars for the control of the thirteen American colonies between Great Britain and France. These wars end with the British victory.
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England and Scotland are officially one: Kingdom of Great Britain.
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Robert Walpole holds the post of prime minister for the first time in British history.
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In 1740 and for four years, King George leads the War of the Austrian Succession. Likewise, from 1756 to 1763 conflicts break out between Great Britain and France for some colonies in America (the Seven Years' War).
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In 1763, the Kingdom of Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, and Prussia sign the Treaty of Paris. In this treaty, Great Britain obtained a large part of North America, some Caribbean countries, and Central America, as well as all the French colonies in India.
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New technological and scientific inventions produce changes in society that promote the evolution of industries and the economy.
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The thirteen colonies proclaimed their independence from British rule.
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Conflicts begin between the Thirteen British Colonies in America and the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1783, the war ends with the Treaty of Paris and the victory of the Americans, and their allies.
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Ireland unites with England, Wales, and Scotland: officially as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
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British domination with the extension of territory throughout the world: protectorates, dominions, and colonies in America, South Africa, Egypt, Middle East, and Asia.
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Abolition of slavery in the British Empire.
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The period of the queen's reign is called the Victorian era.
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Conflicts between China and Great Britain related to opium trade and smuggling.
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International exhibition of industry and culture in London.
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India becomes a British colony.
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Darwin a British scientist proposes the theory of evolution (natural selection).
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The first rapid transit system.
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Canada becomes an independent self-government.
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Scientists at Greenwich Observatory create the first universal time framework (Greenwich Mean Time).
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The Berlin Conference regulates the colonization of Africa by Europe.
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New Zealand leaves its status as a British colony.
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World War between the great world powers: Allied Powers (British Empire, France, Kingdom of Italy, United States, Empire of Japan, China, Russian Empire, among others) and Central Powers (German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, among others). The war results in more than one million British lives lost.
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Law that reforms the electoral system (Women's suffrage).
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Pandemic of deadly flu.
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Peace treaty to end the First World War. Great Britain absorbs more colonies with this treaty.
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Southern Ireland becomes an Irish Free State, but they remain part of the United Kingdom.
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Process in which Great Britain divides Ireland into the territory of Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland, but Southern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Equal Franchise Act: Equal voting rights for men and women.
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland becomes the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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Independence of the Kingdom of Egypt by the United Kingdom.
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The global military war between the Allies (United Kingdom, United States, France, Soviet Union, among others) and the Axis (Nazi Germany, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Italy, among others.)
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The Air Battle for England during World War II.
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Queen Elizabeth II is the current monarch of the Commonwealth realms and members of the Commonwealth of Nations. For example, Australia, Canada, Jamaica, Bahamas, Papua New Guinea, Barbados, New Zealand, among other countries.
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British colonies in Africa declare independence by the UK (except Namibia).
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Margaret becomes the first female prime minister of Great Britain.
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Independence of Namibia by the United Kingdom.
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In 1997, the British Empire ends when the British hand Hong Kong back to China in the handover ceremony of Hong Kong. Moreover, months later, Wales and Scotland have their parliament.
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Summer Olympics in London.
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Result: No
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Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union
