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Montesquieu's work introduced the concept of separation of powers, dividing government authority into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. -
This comprehensive collection of knowledge, edited by Denis Diderot, played a crucial role in disseminating Enlightenment ideas across various fields like science, philosophy, and arts. -
This influential book explored the concept of a society based on the collective will of the people, advocating for a government that serves the interests of its citizens. -
Inspired by Enlightenment ideals like liberty and individual rights, the American colonists declared independence from British rule, establishing a government based on democratic principles. -
This tumultuous period, heavily influenced by Enlightenment thinkers, aimed to overthrow the monarchy and establish a more egalitarian society based on the principles of "liberty, equality, and fraternity". -
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on May 5, 1789 when the Estates-General convened at Versailles, marking the start of political unrest and the growing tensions that would lead to the storming of the Bastille. -
“We swear never to separate and to meet wherever circumstances require until the kingdom's Constitution is established and grounded on solid foundations.” -
when revolutionary insurgents attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armoury, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille -
Finally a decree was passed that aimed at abolishing the entire feudal system. That wild night of August 4, 1789, marked the beginning of equality -
Women from the marketplaces of Paris led the March on Versailles on October 5, 1789. This became one of the most significant events of the French Revolution, eventually forcing the royals to return to Paris. -
was a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that sought the complete control over the Catholic Church in France by the French government. -
The flight to Varennes is the name given to the royal family’s failed escape from Paris in June 1791. Dissatisfied with the course of the revolution, particularly its attacks on the Catholic church, King Louis XVI suggests that it was time to flee the capital. -
Declaration of the Rights of Woman, was written on 14 September 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. -
was a defining event of the French Revolution, when armed revolutionaries in Paris, increasingly in conflict with the French monarchy, stormed the Tuileries Palace. -
were a series of killings and summary executions of prisoners in Paris that occurred in 1792, from Sunday, 2 September until Thursday, 6 September, during the French Revolution. -
Arrested in Varennes, he was brought back to Paris. In 1792 he was tried by the revolutionaries. The monarchy was formally abolished, and “Year I” of the French Republic was declared. Louis XVI died at the guillotine -
Hundreds of nobles, shopkeepers, clergy, corset makers, vintners, and other “suspicious” citizens were executed by guillotine at Place de la Nation in Paris. It was the height of the French Revolution—Robespierre's Reign of Terror. -
Despite his strong personal commitment to his politics and beliefs, Robespierre had become a violent tyrant. He no longer served the interests of the people because many people lived in fear of falling victim to the Terror. -
a five-member committee that governed France from November 1795 to November 1799, failed to reform the disastrous economy, relied heavily on army and violence -
Though occurring before the Napoleonic Wars officially began, this battle in Egypt significantly boosted Napoleon's military reputation and set the stage for future conflicts. -
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coup d'état that overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Considered Napoleon's greatest military triumph, this battle against Austria and Russia solidified his power and secured his imperial regime. -
This victory against Prussia further expanded Napoleon's control over Europe. -
This disastrous campaign against Russia significantly weakened Napoleon's army and is widely seen as the beginning of his downfall. -
This final defeat for Napoleon at Waterloo marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars. -
This marked the beginning of the Nazi regime and the systematic persecution of Jews and other groups. -
These discriminatory laws stripped Jews of their German citizenship and imposed severe restrictions on their lives, further marginalizing them and paving the way for their persecution. -
This night of violence saw widespread destruction of Jewish synagogues, businesses, and homes, marking a turning point in the escalation of Nazi persecution of Jews. -
The German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, is widely regarded as the event that officially marked the start of World War II -
Japan launched a surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, leading to significant damage, casualties, and ultimately, the U.S. entry into World War II. -
This conference formalized the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question," outlining plans for the systematic extermination of European Jews through deportations and killings in concentration and extermination camps.