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Innocent of guilty supposedly decided by God. Included: trial by hot iron, trial by hot water, trial by cold water, trial by consecrated bread (priests only).
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Anglo-Saxon Weirgild of paying money to wounded or their family but now all money payed to King and law only applies if Saxon kills Norman.
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Fight to the death or one yields. Loser if not already dead is killed.
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dealt with moral crimes
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Many Saxon uprisings so William was brutal, causing 100,000 to die of starvation.
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church can shelter criminal for 40 days and then they either have to go to court or leave country. Henry VIII ended
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30% of England’s forests were now property of the King and could not be used for hunting, scavenging or as a source of wood. However many people saw this as a social crime so everyday people didn’t care if others disobeyed it. -
Introduce by Henry II, they aimed to limit ecclesiastical privilege and curb the power of the Church courts and the influence of the papacy in England. -
To investigate suspicious deaths
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By Richard I in areas where it was hard to keep law and order.
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Up to 50 outlaws who carried out serious crimes led by Eustace Folville who’s dad was a Lord of the Manor.
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By Edward III. They were men that were ‘good’.
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Now a max wage for workers and a crime to ask for more. Illegal to move elsewhere for better work.
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meet 4x a year to carry out magistrate duties and enforce law
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idle people put in stocks and sent back to place of birth
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Witchcraft capital crime
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90% of the accused were women
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able-bodied vagabond branded with a v and sold as slave for 2 years
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First house of correction used to punish poor people who broke the law and house poor homeless children. Inmates did hard labour to pay for their keep. Inspired further similar prisons to be built.
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everyone to church on Sundays and holy days else pay a fine and prosecuted if repeated
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if you didn’t swear oath of supremacy it was a crime
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sorts poor people into deserving or undeserving with undeserving whipped and burnt on the ear
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sets up parish-based administration for organising poor relief with a house of correction set up in each county
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Rent a house next to parliament building and a cellar under the House of Lords and fill it with 36 barrels of gunpowder
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events of 5/11 to be commemorated each year. Catholics banned from: working in law, becoming officers in armed forces, voting, becoming MPs or owning land.
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passed letter on to Robert Cecil, spymaster
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Guy Fawkes tried to light the barrels but was caught by Cecil
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he was tortured using the rack
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forced to swear loyalty to king and big fine for missing church
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hanged, drawn and quartered and paraded up and down England
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alternative to death penalty and it helped to colonise America
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300 people investigated for witchcraft with 112 hanged. Died of TB
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Banned: Xmas, sport, alcohol
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brought together thinkers and scientists
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Illegal to hunt rabbits and hares, and to fish in rivers or streams on enclosed land
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emphasis shifting to science rather than religion
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included poaching rabbits or fish
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Mary and Elizabeth Hicks hanged
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He led a gang of thieves who claimed rewards when they handed in stolen goods. He became a well-known figure but his criminal doings were discovered and he was executed in 1725.
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poaching game or damaging forest a capital crime
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‘Witches’ seen as confidence tricksters and punished with fines and imprisonment
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Large-scale smuggling gang. Leader Arthur Gray and Thomas Kingshill caught and hanged in 1748 and 1749
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info for other prison reformers
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160,000 people transported. 1/6 were women
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set up detective offices with 6 constables
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shocked by conditions
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repealed by Robert Peel as part of his reforms. Poaching was still illegal but np longer capital.
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judges have power to reduce death penalty to transportation or imprisonment except for treason or murder
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JPs to inspect prisons
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resulted in more crime
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first professional police force est. by Robert Peel. 17 districts across London, each with its own police division, with 4 inspectors and 144 constables
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number of capital crimes now 60
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charged on an old navy law designed to prevent mutiny. They wanted the average 10 shillings a week instead of 6. George Loveless, James Loveless, James Brine, James Hammett, Thomas Stanfield, John Stanfield
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demonstration with 100,000 people held in London against this and a petition with 200,000 signatures. Lord Melbourne (Home Secretary) didn’t accept it
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Gave borough councils power to set up local police force
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inspection of prisons
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power of public opinion
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allowed counties to organise paid police force
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avocates separate system
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as a result, large-scale smuggling reduced
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Forced entire country to set up local police forces
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Emphasises retribution and deterrence
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campaign on prison conditions
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ends public execution
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800 detectives by 1883
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Broadmoor Hospital opened
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emphasised rehabilitation and reform of prisoners
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National Fingerprint System keeps records from all arrests
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probation officers
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end hanging of 16
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created national system of borstals
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mothers who kill newborn babies not receive death penalty
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prison commissioner who argued probation and rehabilitation were essential
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18s not sentenced to death
Age of criminal responsibility 8 -
Open prisons introduced. Prisoners allowed out at day to work.
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tackle crime in business and stock market and high-value crimes like art theft. Now known as Specialist, Organises and Economic Crime Command
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sniff out drugs, find explosives, track and catch criminals, search for missing persons, strengthen police presence at major events
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previously people expected to learn on the job
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Reduced use of prison for juveniles, prison based on seriousness of crime and past record, detention centres introduced as deterrent (better than borstals), attendance centres for youth who committed minor crimes
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for murdering his wife and baby. Later evidence proved they were killed by a serial killer and Timothy was innocent but dead
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hanged for murder of police officer. had learning difficulties and mental age of 10. Didn’t fire gun but was prosecuted
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hanged for murder of her violent and abusive boyfriend. He attacked her whilst she was pregnant and caused her to miscarry. Ellis also mother of a young child who was orphaned by her execution. Petition with 50,000 signatures asked for leniency but ignored
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moved to abolish death penalty
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limits death sentence to 5 categories of murder:
Committing 2 murders on different occasions, committing murder in course of committing theft, killing by shooting or explosion, killing whilst resisting arrest, killing and officer of the law -
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suspended death penalty fro murder for 5 years
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Home Secretary Roy Jenkins
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enable traffic police to test drivers blood alcohol levels so easier to catch drunk drivers
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decriminalised homosexuality for men 21
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legalised abortion in some circumstances
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Illegal to refuse jobs, housing or public services based on someone’s race
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act is now permanent
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’terrorist’ group that used violence to campaign for Irish independence
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due to increasing number of terrorist attacks from IRA
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made drugs illegal
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Gave victims the right to ask for an injunction against a violent partner
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capable of holding records of 25 million people
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help prevent crime through local vigilance, reduce fear of crime through community involvement, report trends in crime to police
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replaced borstals with youth custody centres
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Possible to prosecute a husband for raping his wife
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share up to date info
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share info nationwide
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formally ending death penalty
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tackle online crimes e.g. hacking, fraud, viruses
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hate crimes treated more severely than if they didn’t have ulterior motives
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Defined spreading racial or religious hatred as a crime
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tackles drug trafficking and large scale drug production
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