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Luther nailed this devastating critique of the indulgences to the door of the University in Wittenberg -
In England the tyndale bible was published in 1526, William tyndale translated the New testament into English. -
The Pope rejected Henry’s petition for a divorce.
This photo depicts the 1530 letter sent by English nobles urging Pope Clement VII to annul Henry VIII's marriage to his first wife Catherine of Aragon . -
Henry VIII was in love with Anne Boleyn, Catherine Aragon lady-in-waiting -
Act of supremacy which founded the Anglican Church and made King Henry VIII the sole supreme head of the Church -
The dissolution process was interrupted by rebellions in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.
These were the greatest rebellions ever faced by a Tudor monarch. They lasted 6 months and were called the Pilgrimage of Grace. -
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Mary I (Tudor) became the first Queen of England -
From 1555 to 1558, protestantism was confined to secrecy as heretics were burned -
Her death in 1558 was greeted as she had turned the nation against her -
• Abolished the authority of the Pope
• Restored the authority of the Queen over the church
• She became supreme Governor of the Church of England -
• Evey parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer
• People who did not attend an Anglican service were fined -
1559 speech: : married to the kingdom of England ». Her subjects being « all my husbands, my good people ». -
(1563-1571)
• Started of doctrine (religious belief) of the Church • 3 important changes: a new ecclesiology (conception of the church)/a new doctrine of salvation /a new definition of sacraments and of the mass still in use today -
• Rebellion against religious reforms
• 60000 insurgents.
• An attempt to replace the Queen
• The revoit was led by the Earls of Westmorland of Northnumberland
• It was crushed -
The Pope’s hostility to the Elizabethan religious settlement was growing
• He instructed English catholics no to attend Anglican churches services • 1570: Pope Pius V issued the papal bull “Regnans in Excelsis” (la bible papale, un texte provenant du Pape) : • It called Elizabeth « The so-called queen” (!), “a heretic favouring heretics” • It excommunicated Elizabeth • =almost giving Catholics licence to kill her with the certainty that it would not be seen as a crime by Rome -
The 1571 Treasons Act made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales -
“Act to retain the Queen’s Majesty subjects in their due Obedience”:
• It provided for the death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism.
• It was now forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic Mass
• Anglican services were compulsory:£20 per month fine
-->163 persons kill during repression in 26 years -
Young Catholics had to sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between marie Stuart and this group. Mary queen of Scots was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death -
She was executed in 1587 in Fotheringham Castle, wearing a bright red dress, the colour of Catholic martyrs. -
Phillip II, the Catholic King of Spain supported several plots of Elizabeth.
In retaliation, and to support the cause of Protestantism, Elizabeth supported the Dutch revolt against Spain.
As a result, the King of Spain attempted to invade England, a complete defeat, England was victorious -
He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots (who had been executed by Elizabeth).
James was proclaimed King of Scotland in 1567
He was crowned King of England in 1603 on Elizabeth’s death. -
A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I. -
• Jame I tried to introduce a financial reform; centerpiece of the financial reforms was the “Great contact” of 1610:
• The King would receive a fixed sum. But some MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments anymore to get money (the king would be financially independent)
• The house of Commons refused to vote in favour of the Great contract
James I dismissed Parliament -
• The King would receive a fixed sum. But some MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments anymore to get money (the king would be financially independent)
• The house of Commons refused to vote in favour of the Great contract
James dismissed Parliament -
The only important change: a new English translation of the Bible (the King Jame’s Bible) completed in 1611. -
Military defeats (Lord Buckingham, the King’s advisor became very unpopular)
England at war with Spain and France -
James summoned a parliament in 1621 to ask for money for war
Parliament did not favour a direct military attack on the Spanish forces, it wanted to wage war at sea: Parliament discussing foreign policy (the prerogative of the King). -
The 1624 Parliament agreed to finance the war on Spain but it would mostly be a war for the next king (Charles I) to lead.
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Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the kingdom.
As well as anyone advising the king to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent
=an act of open defiance
Charles imprisoned these MPs and dissolved parliament. -
He declared there would be no more parliments: start of “the Personal Rule” (1629-1640).
11 years when the King ruled without calling a parliament Whig historians called it “The Eleven Years Tyranny” -
King Charles I attempted to draw the Church of Scotland into line with the Church of England (Anglican)
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: Scottish opposition came to the boil when Charles I attempted to impose a New Prayer Book -
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It was a petition opposing Charles’religious policy, it called for the spiritual independence of the Scottish Church to be maintained. -
The riot would soon turn into a widespread rebellion known as the Bishop’s Wars. -
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Needing money to fight the Scots, Charles called a parliament for the first time in 11 years "The Short Parliament" as the MPs demanded the King to address their grievances first, Charles dissolved it after only 3 weeks. -
Charles was forced to pay the cost of the Scot’s army. -
The 1640 Parliament was determined to remedy 11 years of grievances and wanted to ensure regular parliaments. -
Parliament passed the Militia Act: the army should placed under the control of a general appointed by parliament
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James I had implemented a plantation policy, sending English and Scottish protestant colonists to Ireland, taking the lands of Irish Catholics
In Oct 1641, Irish catholic rebels rose up against Protestant settlers -
An important document voted by the Parliament after heated debates.
It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands:
• The right of the House of commons to choose the king’s ministers
• The right of Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland
• The right for Parliament to reform the Church -
Charles I marched into the House of Commons with troops and attempted to arrest the 5 members of Parliament. -
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A new army created by the Parliamentarians
Unlike the earlier regional armies, this was anational centralized army controlled and paid from Westminster rather than the counties. -
Battle of Naseby was a turning point and saw the Royalist forces weaken. -
Charles surrendered to the Scots, who handed him to the Parliament.
Thinking the war was over, the House of Commons decided to disband the New Model Army but without paying the soldiers what they were due. -
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The King escaped from army custody and allied himself with the Scots. He promised to introduce Presbyterianism/Calvinism into England,
in return the Scottish army would invade England and restore him to power. -
Consequences of the war:
A huge strain on finances
The raising of troops (50 000) had important impacts on the local population -
Colonel Pride (Army) entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader of members of Parliament.
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The Irish rebellion led by Irish catholics was crushed by Cromwell and his troops. • Massacre of the Irish Royalist troops and civilians in Drogheda (1649)
• Wexford massacre (every man, woman children killed): Rumours of Irish atrocities
In the aftermath of Cromwell’s repression :
• Catholicism forbidden
• Irish priests arrested
• Irish Catholics’ lands confiscated -
• A law abolished monarchy (described as “unnecessary burdensome and dangerous”)
• The House of Lords was abolished
• The House of Commons had a supreme authority
• England was declared a Commonwealth
• Ruled as a Republic -
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The regicide was welcomed with shock and dismay in England and Europe (reinforced by Royalist propaganda describing the King as a martyr) -
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It was forbidden to criticize the Bible
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• His son Richard became Lord Protector but resigned after 6 months
• This led to a period of Anarchy
• People longed for a return to order, increasing support for monarchy -
Charles II (the son of Charles I) issued the Declaration of Breda.
It promised:
• A general amnesty
• To continue religious toleration
• To share power with Parliament -
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King restored 29 May 1660
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All ministers had to swear to confirm to the book of Common Prayer -
The instrument of Government 1663: England’s first and only written constitution -
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Charles Il died and was succeeded by his brother James II -
• Parliament invited the King's son in law (William of Orange) to invade England and seize the crown
• James' army disintegrated, officers deserted.
• James II fled to France and William became King William III -
Why "Glorious"?
• Shedding no blood
Dislodged the King from his throne and set up his daughter and her Dutch husband
• Liberties of English subjects reinforced
• Created a stable political system? -
• Listed King James' misdeeds
• Fixed limitations on the sovereign's powers
• Parliament had to consent to new laws
• Parliament gained control over finances and over the army
• No Catholic was to inherit the throne
• Set out the rights of Parliament
• Regular parliaments
• Free elections
• Freedom of speech in Parliament
• Set out basic civil rights -
Creation of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain: England (and Wales) and Scotland,
old dream of James I