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The Magna Carta limited the king’s power for the first time. It protected subjects from arbitrary taxation and imprisonment and introduced the idea that the monarch is not above the law. This text is often seen as the starting point of constitutional government in England. -
Martin Luther criticises the Catholic Church. His actions start the Protestant Reformation in Europe, which later influences religious change in England. -
Henry VIII breaks with the Pope and becomes head of the Church of England. Religion and political power become closely linked to the monarchy. -
Under Edward VI, England moves clearly towards Protestantism. Religious reforms go further than under Henry VIII. -
Elizabeth I comes to power after years of religious conflict. Her main goal is to bring stability to the country. -
Mary I restores Catholicism and persecutes Protestants. Her reign shows how dangerous and unstable religious politics were in Tudor England. -
Elizabeth introduces a compromise between Catholicism and Protestantism. This middle way helps unify the country and stabilise religion. -
Parliament challenges the king’s authority, especially illegal taxes and imprisonment. This strengthens the role of Parliament against the monarchy. -
A war breaks out between the king and Parliament. The conflict is about who should hold real political power. -
Charles I is executed after being tried for treason. This event ends the idea that the king rules by divine right. -
The monarchy returns with Charles II. However, the king’s power is now limited, and Parliament is stronger than before -
James II is removed from power and replaced by William and Mary. From this point on, monarchs rule with Parliament’s consent. -
The Bill of Rights limits royal power and confirms the supremacy of Parliament. England becomes a constitutional monarchy. -
The right to vote is extended to part of the middle class. This marks the beginning of modern British democracy. -
Men and women finally get equal voting rights. This is when the UK becomes fully democratic in electoral terms.