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Goal: Reform Monarchy, increase economic power, and reduce widespread poverty
Outcome: Constitutional Monarchy created, tensions rise between Monarchy and citizens, poverty still evident -
-First meeting since 1614, included all 3 Estates
-Louis XVI summons representatives to meet at Versailles
-Aimed to solve France's financial crisis
-Third Estate demands voting by population
-Upper 2 classes held 98% of votes
-Sparked idea that citizens of 3rd Estate should have power and independence to rule themselves without monarchy control.
-Begins loyalty shift from King→Nation
- Nobility and Clergy resisted reforms, showing division between traditional privilege and rising civic equality -
-Parisians attack, destruct, and loot Bastille (prison and fortress) due to royal tyranny.
- Symbolically seen as the start of the French Revolution
- King Louis XVI is forced to recognize the National Assembly
- The people of the National Assembly physically challenge tyranny and asserting their rights
-Symbol of people’s unity and strength, showing shared national identity through direct action against tyranny -
-Third Estate vows not to disband until a constitution is written, equalizing power and independance from monarchy
-forms the National Assembly and independant sovereignty
-Citizens unite claiming equality and the right to self govern
- Moment for Civic Nationalism -
- New ideology and law created to make all men equal and promote liberty, equality, and fraternity
- Established rights for all citizens, not just privileged ex-upper class
- Inspired by American Revolution and Enlightenment ideas
- Defined national identity based on shared values and citizenship
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- Working class women outraged by economic disparity and inequality
- Concerned and frantic for solutions for the food shortage and absurd prices, they turn to mass protesting at the monarchy palace in Versailles
- They call for the royal family to move to Paris to be closely monitored and watched for their decision making
- This marks a pivotal moment for the revolution and power of mass popular protests to enforce public interests
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- After Louis XVI and Marie Antionette attempted to flee to Austria, they were caught -Exposed the king’s betrayal of his nation, causing citizens to unite stronger around civic loyalty instead of monarchy
- Caused more raised suspicions and concerns over monarch control
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- Period of extreme social and political changes where ideas about revolution intensified
- Violence was used to enforce loyalty to the revolution, such as the guillotine
- Nationalism becomes more exclusive to those who are loyal to revolutionary ideals, otherwise punished
- Loyalty shifts away from king
- Nation defined by equality and unity, which is enforced by fear
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- French citizens rallied as a nation in support to defend their homeland of France from opposing forces
- European monarchs feared the widespread popularity of nationalism and started the invasion as a deterrent
- Victory reached at the Battle of Valmy stopped the invaders and gave the revolutionaries huge confidence in themselves
- Sparked modern French nationalism and the ideals of liberty
- The victory of the war forced the French monarchy to abolish and declare France as a Republic
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- The National Convention officially ended the Kings monarchy over France
- France becomes a republic officially governed by elected representatives
- Sovereignty shifts fully to the people and citizens, the nation is no longer tied to the king and monarchy
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- King Louis XVI was executed after being convicted of conspiracy with foreign powers and high treason. His trial was almost unanimous and he was sentenced to public execution by guillotine
- This event marked the end of his regime and confirmed the final shift during the French Revolution from monarchy to republic
- Marked complete break from monarchy and creation of a republic based on the people’s will
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- Jacobins political party purges → takes control of government -Led by Robespierre, they advanced the revolution, executing anyone who disagreed -They believed all revolutionists were equal, but non were sub-par, therefore executed -The idea of the "nation" was tied to loyalty and purity, not shared values equality -Led to the raised popularity of the Guillotine, due to it being "painless" and efficient -Sans-culottes supported Jacobins, pushing equality and enforcing nationalism by violence
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-Robespierre and the Jacobins lose power during Thermidorian Reaction
- Robespierre is arrested and executed the next day, ending the reign of terror
- The Jacobin government collapses and political violence halts
- Showed danger of nationalism controlled by fear, as people turned against radical leaders once unity became oppression -
- After the fall of Robespierre and end of the Reign of Terror, France needed stability
- The Directory took over and sought out moderation
- They aimed to stabilize France after years of economic hardship, greed, chaos, corruption, and ongoing wars
- The inefficiency of the Directory led to its downfall, making opportunity for Napoleons rise to power
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- New Constitution created to replace radical government
- Created a 5 Man Executive called the Directory
- Aimed to restore order, peace, and and stability in France after much terror and chaos
- faced corruption and relied on the military to stay in power
- Citizens wanted peace and unity, not violence and control
- Girondins gained influence, favoring moderate reform, showing struggle over what kind of nation France should be
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- After the fall of the Directory, Napoleon saw an opportunity to take control of France
- He led a coup to overthrow the existing government and became First Consul
- Napoleon took place and immediately made new laws, enforced equality, and upheld his promises of turning France into a powerful, strong, nation
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- Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the Directory in a bloodless coup
- Establishes the Consulate, which signals the end of the revolutionary government
- Napoleon uses national pride to justify and mediate his sudden authority
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- After the Coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon wrote a new constitution, enforcing new policies to make France stronger and united
- There were 3 main Consuls, including Napoleon, he had the most power
- Fixed laws, organized government, and building a stronger and united army
- Marks the end of the revolution and a new era of leadership
- Nationalism became more shaped on strength, units and pride in France
- People supported Napoleon for stability, order, glory, and loyalty-driven nationalism