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Locke argues for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and the social contract, influencing democratic thought and the development of modern political philosophy. -
The Enlightenment is characterized by an emphasis on reason, science, and individualism, challenging traditional authority and promoting ideas of liberty and equality.
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The end of the reign of the "Sun King" marks a shift in French politics, leading to increased questioning of absolute monarchy and paving the way for Enlightenment ideas. -
Montesquieu advocates for the separation of powers in government, influencing the structure of modern democracies. -
Diderot and his collaborators publish this comprehensive work, promoting knowledge and critical thinking, and challenging traditional beliefs. -
Rousseau introduces the idea of the general will and popular sovereignty, arguing that legitimate political authority comes from the consent of the governed. -
Influenced by Enlightenment ideas, the American colonies declared independence from Britain, emphasizing individual rights and self-governance. -
King Louis XVI calls the Estates-General to address the financial crisis in France. This assembly, representing the three estates (clergy, nobility, and commoners), becomes a pivotal moment as the Third Estate (commoners) demands greater representation and rights, ultimately leading to the formation of the National Assembly and the start of the revolutionary process. -
This event symbolizes the uprising against tyranny and the beginning of the French Revolution, as revolutionaries seek to seize arms and ammunition. -
Triggered by social inequality, financial crisis, and Enlightenment ideals, the revolution sought to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. -
This foundational document outlines the rights of individuals and the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, inspired by Enlightenment thought. -
King Louis XVI and his family attempt to escape Paris, leading to a loss of public trust and increasing calls for the abolition of the monarchy. -
The king is tried and executed by guillotine, marking a radical turn in the revolution and the establishment of the First French Republic. -
Led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, this period sees mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution, highlighting the revolution's radicalization.
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Napoleon stages a coup d'état, overthrowing the Directory and establishing himself as First Consul, marking the end of the revolutionary government. -
Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French, consolidating power and establishing a new monarchy while promoting some revolutionary ideals. -
A decisive victory for Napoleon against Austria and Russia, solidifying his dominance in Europe and showcasing his military genius. -
Napoleon's disastrous campaign against Russia leads to significant losses and marks the beginning of his decline. -
Following military defeats, Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba, temporarily ending his rule. -
Napoleon escapes from Elba, returns to power for a brief period, and is ultimately defeated at Waterloo, leading to his final abdication. -
European powers convene to restore order and balance after the Napoleonic Wars, establishing a framework for international relations and diplomacy that lasts for decades.