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1492
Colombus "discovers" America 🇺🇸
Columbus (greedy) arrived at the Bahamas and encoutered the Arawak (friendly, unarmed, and had gold). 95% of the indigenous population died from among other things smallpox (Old World diseases) -
Period: 1500 to
Plantations of Ireland / Colonization 🇮🇪
Complete English control and loss of the Gaelic society.
Frequent rebellins from the Irish, but those were stopped by colonizing large parts of Ireland by Protestants from England and Scotland.
Settlers never assimilated because the Irish were Catholics and the settlers were Protestants. -
Period: 1558 to
The Elizabethan Era 💔
Elizabeth I (1533-1603) reigned England from 1558 to 1603. She became an iconic monarch because she declared that she was married to her kingdom and never mar-ried. She has been given the name The Virgin Queen. During her reign, England asserted itself as a major European power in politics, trade, and arts.
The Elizabethan Era was the highlight of the Renaissance because she reigned for many years during this period. -
Period: Apr 23, 1564 to
William Shakespeare 💔
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a poet, dramatist, and actor. The tragic heroes in Shakespeare’s plays and their tragic flaws:
- Macbeth and Lady Macbeth = ambition
- Romeo and Juliet = spontaneity and impulsivity
- Hamlet = indecision -
Romeo & Juliet by William Shakespeare 💔
Two young lovers from feuding families, the Montagues and Capulets, fall deeply in love. Despite their families' hatred, they secretly marry. However, Romeo is banished after killing Juliet's cousin. They plan for Juliet to fake her death with a potion, but Romeo doesn't receive the message and believes she is truly dead. He takes his own life, and Juliet, upon waking to find him dead, kills herself. The families, witnessing the tragic consequences of their feud, finally agree to reconcile. -
Period: to
American settlers expanded 🇺🇸
The American frontier experience began when European settlers arrived at the east coast of the North American continent in the 1600s and ended when they had reached and conquered the west coast around 1890. Frederick Jackson Turner invented a particular American meaning of the word frontier as "the meeting point between savagery and civilization". The aboriginal population, wild animals and uncultivated land represented a savagery that must be conquered by Europea settlers – civilization. -
Period: to
The British Empire 🇬🇧
The British Empire began to take shape during early 17th century and stood until the mid to end of the 20th century. Britain was the first to acquire colonies outside of Europe to secure resources for the industrial revolution that gave England a head start. Britain expanded the empire, and British imperialism came to affect primarily Africa, the Middle East and Asia. It was called the empire on which the sun never sets to reflect the vastness of the British Empire. -
Hamlet by William Shakespeare 💔
Prince Hamlet of Denmark is tasked with avenging his father's murder by his uncle, Claudius, who has now also married Hamlet's mother, Gertrude, and taken the throne. Hamlet feigns madness to investigate and plot his revenge, while Claudius, fearing Hamlet's knowledge and erratic behavior, attempts to have him killed. The play is filled with deception, political intrigue, and ultimately, tragedy, as Hamlet, Ophelia, Claudius, Gertrude, and Laertes all meet their deaths in a climactic duel. -
Macbeth by William Shakespeare 💔
A Scottish general named Macbeth is told by three witches that he will become king. Driven by ambition and encouraged by his wife, Lady Macbeth, he murders King Duncan and seizes the throne. This act of regicide unleashes a cycle of violence and paranoia as Macbeth tries to secure his position, ultimately leading to his downfall and death.
Macbeth and Lady Macbeth's tragic flaw is their ambition. -
First successful colony in America 🇺🇸
... in Jamestown, Virginia by English settlers. Already home to indigenious people from Siberia to Alaska (harnessed the power of nature) -
Further immigration to the Colonies 🇺🇸
Word spread around the world about the New World, and British (Puritans - New England, Quakers - Pennsylvania / Philadelphia), German, and Dutch (along the Hudson River in New York) travelled over the Atlantic Ocean to escace religious persecution, better opportunities, or for an adventure. -
Period: to
The Cromwellian Conquest of Ireland 🇮🇪
The Cromwellian conquest refers to the period between 1649 and 1653 when Oliver Cromwell led the English Parliament's forces to conquer Ireland, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. This conquest was driven by the desire to subdue royalist forces, avenge alleged massacres of Protestant settlers, and assert English control over the island. The campaign is notorious for its brutality, including massacres, and resulted in significant population loss and land redistribution. -
Period: to
The Irish Penal Laws 🇮🇪
The Penal Laws in Ireland were a series of laws enacted by the Protestant Parliament of Ireland during the 18th century, primarily targeting the Catholic population. These laws aimed to suppress Catholic religious practices, limit their political and economic power, and encourage conversion to Protestantism. -
Period: to
Discrimination against Catholics 🇮🇪
Ireland was primarily owned by the minority of pro-British Protestant upper class, and the Catholic majority were discriminated against and excluded from power. -
Period: to
Industrialization in England 🌻
Industrialization began with the invention of the steam engine in 1710 and lasted throughout the 18th century. England industrialized as the first country in the world which gave England a head start in the competition of world hegemony. A growth in agriculture ensued. The industrial revolution resulted in a mechanization, increase in population, and mass urbanization. The industrial revolution and the new inventions made it possible for England to become the most powerful country in the world. -
Period: to
The American War of Independence 🇺🇸
The War lasted from the 4th of July 1776 until 1783, when the British surrendered. The Declaration of Independence marked the beginning of the American War for Independence. After years of taxation without representation in the British parliament in London, the feeling of belonging, community, and a shared destiny finally urged the colonists to declare their independence from the British. -
The American Declaration of Independence 🇺🇸
The Declaration of Independence declared that all men are created equal, and that all men are free. It is tripartite: First, it stated the American core values – that all men are born equal, free, and pursuit happiness. Secondly, it covers the suppression that Eng-land has brought upon America. Lastly, it recapitulates the independence.
It was declared on the 4th of July 1776. -
The Act of Union 🇮🇪
Ireland was united with Britain, and the Irish parliament was abolished. -
Period: to
The Victorian Age 🌻
The Victorian Era lasted from 1837-1901. During this time, the British empire expanded and became a powerful country. There were many new inventions, and a lot happened as regards industry, technology, culture, and society. It has left a lasting impact on modern Western society, with its social reforms, such as labor rights and women’s suffrage, education, and philanthropically helping others. The technological progress of the time is fundamental to many of the conveniences that we have today. -
Period: to
The Great Irish Famine / The Potato Famine 🇮🇪
The Great Famine was caused by a failure of the potato crop, which many people relied on for most of their nutrition.
The hatred of the English was intensified during the Potato Famine (1845-49), where the Irish felt that the British government did not do enough to help. About one million Irish died of starvation, and one million emigrated – primarily to the US and England. -
Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" 🌻
Darwin established how all species have developed by undergoing millions of years of evolution which contradicted the Bible's explanations of human creation.
"On the Origin of Species," while not explicitly denying the existence of God, challenged traditional religious views on the creation of life by proposing evolution through natural selection. This sparked debate, particularly within religious communities, as it seemed to contradict the idea of divine creation and the fixity of species. -
The Homestead Act of 1862 🇺🇸
The content of the Homestead Act of 1862 was that any free adult citizen who had never borne arms against the U.S. government would be granted federal, unappropriated land on the condition that they lived on. If they had been cultivating the land for five years, they would receive title to the land.
The Homestead Act accelerated the westward expansion and encouraged western migration: If you moved to the American West, you could get property by settling down and cultivating land. -
Period: to
The Fight for Home Rule 🇮🇪
During the 19th century, many Irish people began to demand Home Rule and from the beginning of the 20th century, Irish opposition to the British rule really began to grow. Sinn Fein, the Irish nationalist party, was founded in 1905. The Easter Rising in 1916 was the first armed Irish battle against England. -
The Easter Rising 🇮🇪
Republicans (IRA) revolted against British Rule with the Proclamation of the Irish Republic.
The British crushed the Republicans in the Easter Rising, and although it was a tough blow, the Republicans gained sympathy and won the election in 1918 (with Sinn Féin as the dominant party – but they refused to take seat in the British parliament, and instead formed their own government in Ireland with a lot of opposition from Ulster where the dominant party was the unionist party). -
Women received the right to vote 🌻
Women's suffrage was finally obtained for women over 30 in 1918, which the suffragists secured. Whether the suffragettes were the ones to win suffrage, is not to be definitively answered, but they did show that women could protest and be political beings. The Suffrage Movement contains a rich diversity of activism, but the interesting mechanism is how women were able to work together for their shared goal: suffrage. -
Period: to
The Irish War of Independence 🇮🇪
A secret Irish government was formed in 1919 leading to The War of Independence which lasted until 1921 when a treaty between Britain and Ireland was signed, declaring the Irish Free State (later The Republic of Ireland) on Dec. 6, 1921. However, the six northern counties (Ulster) remained under British control. After this the troubles in Ireland have been restricted to Northern Ireland. -
The Anglo-Irish Treaty 🇮🇪
This signing lead to the Irish Free State, but six counties of Northern Ireland (the majority of Ulster) were to remain a part of Britain. -
Period: to
The Irish Civil War 🇮🇪
This war was brought upon because some Republicans (Catholic / nationalists – Eamon de Valera) as they did not want to give up a part of Northern Ireland,
The Civil War was won by pro-treaty forces (unionists / loyalists – Michael Collins), leaving the Island of Ireland divided into two countries. -
Period: to
The Great Depression 🇺🇸
The Great Depression in the United States was a severe worldwide economic down-turn that began in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest and most severe economic contraction in modern history. The Great Depres-sion began with the stock market crash of October 1929 and spread globally, result-ing in widespread unemployment, poverty, and bank and business failures. -
Winston Churchill's "We Shall Fight on the Beaches"-speech 🇬🇧
The speech was delivered during a dark period of WW2, shortly after the evacuation of Dunkirk, where over 338,000 Allied soldiers were rescued from France. This evacuation, while saving lives, was a significant military setback, and the threat of a German invasion loomed.
Churchill aimed to inspire the British public, boost morale, and prepare them for the possibility of a German invasion. He wanted to convey that Britain would not negotiate with Hitler and would continue the war effort. -
Period: to
Postmodernist period 👥
The postmodern period began in the 1990’s and is used to describe contemporary culture which we live amongst. The term is hard to define because of the vagueness about the modern era. There is no definite point of change when society became postmodern.
It is characterized by the Death of the Grand Narrative, grand narratives being ideologies and religions. Postmodernists accept that the search for coherent meaning is pointless, and that perhaps meaning is to be found in the small narrative. -
Period: to
The Troubles 🇮🇪
Civil Rights protests against unionist oppression of the Catholic minority on the North escalated into violence between Protestants and Catholics.
This meant a revival of the IRA and similar Protestant terrorist organizations.
"The Troubles" was a sectarian conflict – meaning filled with violence – between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland, and the two parts disagreed on whether they should be a part of England, or if they should gain independence. Over 3,600 people died. -
Bloody Sunday 🇮🇪
Bloody Sunday was a Catholic civil rights demonstration in Northern Ireland on Sunday, January 30, 1972 that turned violent when British paratroopers opened fire, killing 13 and injuring 14 others (one of the injured later died). They demonstrated against internments that allowed the government to arrest people who might be in the IRA without trial.
It eventually led to an apology from the government. -
Punk emerged 🇬🇧
British punk emerged in 1976, significantly influenced by the Sex Pistols, and quick-ly spread throughout the UK. It was a reaction against the mainstream culture and music of the time, presenting itself as a negation of what was perceived as outdated or boring. -
Period: to
Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister 🇬🇧
"Thatcherism" represents a belief in free markets and a small state. Rather than planning and regulating business and people's lives, government's job is to get out of the way.
It should be restricted to the bare essentials: defence of the realm and the currency. Everything else should be left to individuals, to exercise their own choices and take responsibility for their own lives.
Unemployment rates rose dramatically while the security system was weakened. -
1981 Irish Hunger Strike 🇮🇪
The 1981 Irish Hunger Strike was a hunger protest in Northern Ireland by Irish republican prisoners during the Troubles. During the protest, seven prisoners from the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and three from the Irish National Liberation Army died of starvation during the hunger strike. 10 Republicans died during the 1981 hunger strike. -
The Belfast Agreement / The Good Friday Agreement 🇮🇪
This signing meant that if the majority of Northern Ireland ever wish to leave the UK and become a part of the Republic, they can. -
Grime emerged 🇬🇧
Grime is an eclectic style of British rap music that emerged in London in the early 2000s. Grime music also includes hip hop, rap, and hardcore techno influences. Grime music is characterized by fast beats, electronic sounds, UK accents, and fre-netic energy. The grime music scene is made up of grime crews, collectives of musi-cians that produce music together -
Period: to
President Donald Trump's first presidency 🇺🇸
President Donald J. Trump (1946-) was elected the 45th president of the US for the first time in 2016, when he ran against Hillary Clinton, and his first presidency lasted from 2017-2021. -
Period: to
Boris Johnson as Prime Minister 🇬🇧
Boris Johnson (1964-) was the Prime Minister of the UK from 2019-2022 and was elected under the slogan Get Brexit Done. He could finally withdraw the UK from the EU in 2020 and was very satisfied with the final Brexit withdrawal treaty and described it as having your cake and eating it too. Others have described the treaty as the thin treaty. -
Brexit 🇮🇪
The issue discussed prior to leaving the EU, was primarily the so-called Battle of the Broder.
Many people fear having a hard border reinstated on the island of Ireland because they fear that it would stir up the conflict of the Troubles. In the Republic of Ireland, some Republicans / nationalists still have an emotionally loaded problem with British rule and the unionists. Therefore, a customs border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland could mean violence against the British. -
Brexit 🇬🇧
Brexit means the British exit of the European Union. The UK officially left the EU in January of 2020.
Key words: Immigration and national identity, echo chambers and disparity.
Brexit and years of cuts in the welfare state mean that the UK is far worse affected by inflation and rising energy prices than most other European countries. People are experiencing the most serious fall in living standards ever, increasing inequality and poverty. The benefits of Brexit are slow in coming. -
Period: to
Kamala Harris as Vice President 🇺🇸
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President Donald Trump's second inauguration 🇺🇸