-
Charles IV of Spain was King of Spain from 1788 to 1808. His reign was marked by political weakness and conflicts with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. -
Fernando VII was King of Spain in 1808 and again from 1814 to 1833. His reign was marked by the loss of Spanish American colonies. -
Juan Álvarez was a Spanish politician and economist. He is best known for his role as Prime Minister during the reign of Isabel II, -
The Constitution of Cádiz was Spain’s first liberal constitution, established by the Cortes of Cádiz during the Peninsular War against Napoleon -
The Sexenio Absolutista in Spain was the six-year period after King Fernando VII returned to the throne following Napoleon’s defeat.
-
After returning to power following the Napoleonic Wars, King Ferdinand VII ignored the liberal constitution and restored absolute monarchy, ending the reforms established by the 1812 Constitution. -
Karl Marx was a German philosopher and economist who developed the ideas of communism. -
The Liberal Triennium in Spain was a three-year period when King Fernando VII was forced to accept the Constitution of Cádiz after a military uprising.
-
French expedition sent in 1823 to restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to absolute power after a liberal revolution. -
The Absolutist Decade in Spain was a period when King Fernando VII restored absolute monarchy after the end of the Liberal Triennium.
-
Práxedes Mateo Sagasta was a Spanish politician and engineer. He was a leading liberal leader during the Bourbon Restoration and served several times as Prime Minister of Spain. -
The Five-Year Plans were Stalin’s programs (starting 1928) to industrialize the Soviet Union and control agriculture.
-
Antonio Cánovas was a Spanish politician and historian. He was a key figure in the Bourbon Restoration. -
Isabel II of Spain was queen from 1833 to 1868. Her reign was marked by political instability, conflicts between liberals and conservatives. -
The Triumph of Liberalism were the periods when liberal ideas and constitutional government gained the upper hand over absolute monarchy.
-
The Moderate Decade was a period when the Moderate Party dominated politics under Queen Isabel II.
-
Amadeo I was an Italian prince from the House of Savoy who became King of Spain from 1870 to 1873. His reign was marked by political instability. -
The Progressive Biennium was a two-year period when the Progressive Party came to power under Queen Isabel II.
-
In 1854 O´Donell created the centrist liberal union party, there was stability until 1864, where there was an economic crisis.
-
Nicholas II was the last Tsar of Russia (1894–1917). His rule faced unrest, Bloody Sunday, and World War I. He was overthrown in the 1917 Revolution and later executed. -
Imperialism was a period when powerful countries expanded their control over weaker regions European nations took colonies in Africa, Asia, and Oceania to obtain benefits
-
Lenin (1870–1924) led the Bolsheviks in the 1917 Russian Revolution and became the first leader of the USSR, establishing communism and a one-party government. -
The First Spanish Republic was a short-lived government in Spain that replaced the monarchy after King Amadeo I abdicated.
-
The Return of the Bourbons (1874) refers to the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy after the fall of the First Spanish Republic. -
Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953. He centralized power, transformed the USSR into an industrial and military superpower, and ruled with strict control. -
The origins of the labor movement is the period during the 19th century Industrial Revolution when workers began organizing to fight for better wages, working conditions, and labor rights movements.
-
Aleksandr Kérensk was a Russian politician who led the Provisional Government after the February Revolution of 1917. He tried to establish a democratic government but was overthrown later that year by Lenin and the Bolsheviks. -
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945). He led the country through the Great Depression with his New Deal programs.. -
John Maynard Keynes was a British economist who believed governments should spend money during economic crises to create jobs and boost demand. -
The Berlin Conference was a meeting where European powers agreed on rules to divide and colonize Africa without consulting African people. Led by Otto von Bismarck,
-
The 1905 Revolution was a wave of protests, strikes, and uprisings in Russia against the rule of Tsar Nicholas II. It began after Bloody Sunday when soldiers fired on peaceful protesters. -
Bloody Sunday was a peaceful protest led by Father Georgy Gapon, marched to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II. Soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing and wounding hundreds. -
The Schlieffen Plan was Germany’s military strategy at the start of World War I. It aimed to defeat France quickly by invading through Belgium, then turn east to fight Russia. But the plan failed -
World War I was a global war between the Allies and the Central Powers, caused by nationalism, alliances, and militarism.
-
The war of movement in WWI (1914) was the early phase of rapid advances and retreats. Both sides tried for a quick victory, but it ended in trench warfare.
-
Trench warfare in WWI was a slow, deadly fight on the Western Front, with soldiers in trenches facing mud, disease, and constant attacks, creating a long stalemate.
-
The February Revolution of 1917 was a popular uprising in Russia caused by war, food shortages, and poor living conditions. -
The October Revolution of 1917 was when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government in Russia, taking control. -
The Provisional Government in Russia was a temporary government set up after Tsar Nicholas II abdicated during the February Revolution of 1917.
-
The April Theses were ideas presented by Vladimir Lenin after he returned to Russia. They called for “Peace, Land, and Bread,” the end of Russia’s participation in World War I, and for the Bolsheviks to take power. -
The Fourteen Points were a peace plan proposed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 to end World War I. -
The end of World War I came on 1918 with an armistice between Germany and the Allies.
Fighting stopped, and the war officially ended with the Treaty of Versailles. -
The Russian Civil War was a conflict between the Red Army (Bolsheviks) led by Vladimir Lenin and the White Army (their opponents).
The Bolsheviks won and created the Soviet Union. -
The Comintern was founded in 1919 by Vladimir Lenin. Its goal was to promote worldwide communist revolutions and coordinate communist parties in other countries. -
The Paris Peace Conference (1919) was a meeting of the Allied powers after WWI to decide how to handle Germany and reshape Europe.
-
The Treaty of Versailles officially ended World War I between Germany and the Allies. Its harsh terms contributed to World War II. -
It was an international organization created in 1919 after World War I. Its goal was to maintain peace, prevent wars, and promote cooperation. -
The NEP (New Economic Policy) was introduced by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 to help the Soviet economy recover after the Civil War. -
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state created after the Russian Revolution. it had a one-party communist system, and was one of the main world powers during the Cold War.
-
The USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) united Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Transcaucasian republics into a single federal communist state under Bolshevik control. -
The Great Depression was a worldwide economic crisis (except in USSR) that began in 1929 after the Wall Street Crash. Banks failed, businesses closed, and millions lost their jobs.
-
Sudden collapse of the U.S. stock market in October 1929. Panic selling caused prices to fall sharply, banks to fail, and many people to lose their jobs. -
The New Deal programs were created and implemented between 1933 and 1939 during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s first two terms as president.