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Sistema anterior a las revoluciones modernas. Se basaba en: Monarquía absoluta (el rey tenía todo el poder), sociedad desigual dividida en privilegios: nobleza y clero vs. pueblo llano, economía agraria y tradicional controlada por nobles e Iglesia.
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French Enlightenment thinker known for The Spirit of the Laws. He introduced the idea of separation of powers, dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to protect freedom. Montesquieu emphasized checks and balances, the importance of laws reflecting society and environment, and warned against despotism.