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1917 bolshevik rev
had at home war, red vs whites
red being commies- whites were helped by usa, gbr and france who sent troops but were also still fghtng in ww1
'white paper' -
After ww1- wilson preached self determination, colslective security through league of nations and free trade , direct contrast/ clash with ussr, lenin preach world revolution april 1918
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became a pariah state- shunned by the rest of the world
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takes after lennin- who takes marxism and makes it from a theory into practice.
'cult of personality'- stalin makes himself as the interpreter of communism.
21 dec 1929 starting point- his 50th bday -
william bullit and George kennan first diplomats sent to ussr.
high hopes quickly disheartened saw stalins brutal surges. killed all they worked with -
dec 1939, hard for usa and gbr who offer military support,
ussr occupy lithuan, latv, estonia by summer -
by ger- gbr and fr declare war= ww2 begins
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replaced by lublin commitee when stalin had control/ liberated east eu- easier for him to control
didn't help pols immediately- summer 1944, ensure ss kill all army and no-commies -
non aggrs- between ussr and germ.
ussr- buying more time- ends 1941 with operation barbarosa -
dec 1941, jpn bomb pearl harbour, usa join the war
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germn invade ussr jun1941, when marriage of convnce forms
usa and gbr provided and form alliance over night, give planes
usa- lend lease offer aid
brit 15% planes fight in moscow were gbr planes -
stalin wanted second front, relieve pressure on ussr
roosevelt prom by 1942- fail, not enough weapons or manpwr
stalin said west afraid of germans
churchill said 2nd front to open, west afr nov 1942 -
wehrmacht 191 divisions on west front 1943
only 7 in west africa
9/10 casualties done to a german was by red army. -
3 met- ussr, usa, gbr
west assure stalin, west invasion of fr due by may 1944
stalin launch invasion east to coincide with this attack -
by allies- land in Sicily, july 1943
german troops seize cap, allies march on rome
stalin wanted to be involvd, allies said no
stalin unfair that commies not involv, so told palmiro togilatti- ldr of itln comm party to make coalition with socialist party. -
it was made in 1919 by lenin as a support for world wide revolution, made the west suspicious, but stalin disintegrated it as a gesture to better relations with the west
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at the tehran conference, roosevelt, stalin and churchill met for the first time to discuss the future of a liberated europe. Stalin declared his intention to keep the land he annexed / occupied from poland and that it, in turn would be compensated with german land- to this neither roosvlt nor churchill opposed
(op overlord-lib of fr)- decide lib with commonwealth and us troops in fr rather than from east eu as churchill wanted, this meant that stalin lib east eu -
had worries which he adressed with his foreing secret- anthony eden, force and facts are only realities for sovs/ commies.
ussr threat to brit imperialism so usa and gbr to make alliance to stop this threat. -
allied control comissions
provisional govs in countries- dominated by liberator. -
by allies
charles de gaulle leader of free france
made pact with ussr dec 1944- france soviet trty of alliance and mutual assistance
commies played huge part in resistance against ger
maurice- ldr of commies -
made between stalin and churchill in secret on scrap paper. percentage each gets of country, influence
e.g. 10% greece ussr, 90% gbr
romania- ussr hands -
international monetary fund
provides economic stability, exchange rate stability
finacl asstnc
44 countires in the aftermath of the great depressn
bretton woods -
prvds finacl and techncl assstnce to dvlpng countries for dvlpmnt prgrms
bretton woods - help rebuild eu and jpn after ww2 -
was more alert and had upper hand in yalta- he had info on uk- cambridge 5 and usa- alger hiss (commie spy)- made it into american delegation
already knew about a-bomb b4 they announced it. -
by ussr- crossed east frontier jan 1944
annexed territory and moved pol borders east west of oder neisse border
instal lublin committee- commies -
by ussr- had TITO and his commies before, very good at fghtng gers, brits gave them weapons.
partisan troops -
by ussr
felt betrayed by gbr and fr munich accords- let ger invade 1938
edward benes former presdnt in exile in london negot with stalin- placed commie in charge, but benes president.
commies 8 seats in cabinet- quite influential -
by west
elas- partisan group- ppls liberat grp
tito and stalin want to set up gov like yugoslav
stalin stopped titio- bcuz of percentages agrmnt. -
by ussr- king tried to negotiate, if second front to open in balkans- it didnt
russia annex bassarabia and north bukovina. -
had to declare war on gers
strng to give reperations
commies vry weak , only one in cabinet -
by usse- sept 1944
acc = allied control commissions 28 oct
local commies gain pwr and success, comm revolt, execut 10,000 former ruling class, larg frms taken by peasants -
goal was to eliminate germnay's potential and ability to wage war- dismantiling its heavy industry, closing key factories, dividing germany into smaller, weaker states and reducing its economy to agriculture and light industry.---- was never fully implemented because critics said it would allows soviet expansion, undermine post war reconstruction and lead to mass starvation
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by usa treasury secretary- henry morenthau
suggstd post surrend plan for ger
austria return pre 1940 borders
ger demilit and deindustr
ruhr- strpd of mine and pop to redistribu
no repert to be paid- instd taken in shape of resources -
grand alliance anti-ussr- foreign minister, vyachestov molotov
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eu international problem- threat to stability based on democ and capitalsm
july 1945 -
they realised that 40% of the zone could not afford food- had to provide it or be responsible for them dying.
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collctv security (UNfounded)
long term co-op ussr
germny reconstruc
world reconstruct IMF and world bank -
grand alliance- met in yalt- russian resort in crimea
marriage of convenience, usa, ussr, gbr,
4-11 feb- high point of allie co-op
churchill, roosevelt, stalin
agree split ger= 4 zones
ussr gain land, poland, move border north, west of oder, neisse border -
stalin want ussr to control own destiny
co-op with anglo-usa
germ to remain weak
ussr- econom reconstruc
ussr security- through comm spheres -
25 mill people died, stalin felt he needed reperations, and major destruct of towns and cities.
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to receive 10% for nothing, 15% in exchange for supply of food and materials- got the poorest part of ger, $20 bn total
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by ussr, red army crossed frontier sep 1944
elections in 1945 - comm party only 17% votes despite presence of red army.
3 key posts in gov
stalin remove anything that can be reperations- sceptical wthr they should be in sov sphere of influence -
poland showed sign planning of stalin
gov exist in exile in lond
made a joined gov- lublin committee
formed gov of nat unity- allowed to test - used parties from both political spectrum
peasant party led by STANISLAW MIKOLAJCZYK
commies wknd them by from link ussr
not all pols coms- pro sov- pol deputy pm- pol should be incharge own future, fough for own indep- ussr rid of him 'nationalist deviation' -
large pop/ difficult to feed- including ruhr- important
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16 july 1945- test in Almogordo new-mexico
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17 july- 1 aug
atlee, truman, stalin
co-op broke
truman didn't want to baby sovts
war against jpn continue- usa dvlp a-bomb day before meeting.
no longer term plams for ger
ger- 5ds, demilitr, denazif, democrat, decentral,deindustr
ussr recieve repert from its zone and 25% from west- got poorest part of ger. -
in san francisco california, usa
after 29 nations had ratified the charter -
abandoned liberated eu at yalta.
regard eachother as threat to security
us foreign policy dependent on econom dominance -
relatively free, won 38% votes
ww2 left country in economic chaos and mass unemployemnt
comm better prospect than captls
peasants- large nbs, met their needs. -
compared with the 39.3, mill in may 1939
worst prob was housing- by 1943- .5 mill housing units out of the 16 mill were in the area that was to become 3 western zones.
by 1945 , 2.3 mill had been completely destroyed. -
The USSR weary of western intentions to turn Germany into a capitalist economic centre took 213 key german producing firms and turned them into soviet controlled companies from which all total production would go to the USSR
this was bcuz the west were delaying the reperations that they would give to ussr. -
usa econ imperialism- expansionist, plan make states depend
ussr foreign minister sep 1946 -
lucius clay- office of military gof for us
eisenhower first commander and lucius clay is deputy.
ensure political initiatives were implemented
remove nazis, monitor appointmnt of officials.
dismantld 1949 -
was stalin who wanted a unified german government as he told the kpd he wished for germany to be under his sphere so he forced the Social democrats to merge with the kpd-commies, 20k were imprisoned, murdered or interogated until this was achieved. done by feb 1946- however this terrified the people in west germ and decreased their popularity
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the SED formed from spd and kpd asked to merge together with the sed in east however, the violence made many suspicious and resulted in a rejection of over 82%.
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george kennan officer us in moscow embsy
fall of ussr-usa inevitble
stln demonise west- villan instd of jpn and ger-ppl minds
ussr saw west as hostile and aggrsv
usa take proactive role in eu
ready to use force and ensure unity of allies -
by churchill- drct attack on sovs
stalin= churchill is war mongoering
speech in fulton missori- usa -
november 1947 the london conference of foreign ministers- was in regards to the future of Germany, thee second conference after end of ww2, there was an earlier one in 1947 but it ended without agreements because of deep disagreements,the usa wanted wester integrations and so somewhat favoured divison while the ussr did not want a divided germany as this would mean the ruhr-economic imprt presided in allie area
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create western bloc with ger centre as american protectorate
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when the former allies met in London to decide the political and economic future of Germany- there was a proposed idea of a constituent assembly for Germany - but this was rejected by USA- they were weary of the soviet motives and they thought there were no guarantees of free elections
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manipul elect, frrcd removl opponts, comm opposed agrarian party, nikol petrov won 20% votes
but executd- party absorbed by commie
april 1947 all political parties banned -
econ crisis= rise in support
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merged usa and gbr zones
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january 1947
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systematic and focused containment of ussr expans
george kennan- ussr agrsv policies
resonated with truman
called x because he feared repercussions. lack of free speech
conduct of ussr- stalin using the encircelement of the capitalist realm as a tool to consolidate power
knicknamed the sources of soviet conduct- called for containment- said ussr- drivn by marxist-lenninism and so felt that it was at a constant battle with west -
international relations- 1947
institutionalised suspicion for 25 yrs
intro for greece but not only..
made countries depend on usa
demonise ussr
turn usa superpower
help containment
march 12 1947 -
many starving and stuggling, reinforced dean g acheson view- assistant secretary of usa
without us aid- eu disintegrates on regional scale
may 1947 -
by William Clayton- us eccon affair guy
5 June 1947, Marshall unveiled plan. erp european recovery program
next 5yrs Marshall plan gives $13.5 bill to 16 EU countries. not only money but goods.
condition on aid- some had to be spent on us goods
had to share info with USA
promoted EU unity and USA econ
20% loans
80% grants
announce 5 june 1947 but implemented from 1948 april -
stalin summoned him at 11pm to go kremlin- if by 4am he doesnt decide not go to paris peace conf and rjct marshall plan= serious consequences
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where they were offered the marshall plan- establish new world order after ww2 fully done,
sept establish cominform, east eu govs who wantd marshall aid told by stalin no- reverse decision
need tighten grip on eu -
viewed world as two camps- imperialist usa and democrat ussr.
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commie information bureau- comm counties and heads of parties- give information to ussr
made zhdanov doctrine
can be seen as a direct response to the marshall plan and truman doctrine. -
by 1948 managed to make buffer zone through satellites
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tito- partisan grp fought for independ, commies but didnt want to be sov puppets
stalin-josep broz tito, trouble, stalin want intro foreign and econ policies.
jun 1948 -
june 1948- intro of deutchsmark aswell in west germ
ger should have own constituen assmbly -
introduced to help the countries rebuild their economic infrastructure post world war 2 but was seen as economic imperialism by the ussr
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june 1948-may 1949
all railraods and roads into west berlin- cutoff
stalin triggered due to new currency introduced.
underestimated usa's determ to remain in eu and ger
supplied coal and food to ppl
built a new airport -
soviet ambassador to us- nato huge threat and agrssv organis, threaten states and bully into compliance
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april 1949
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FRG- federal republic of germany made on 23 march 1949
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GDR- german democratic republic made 7 ocotber 1949
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Militarised cold war- in nuke arsenal but also in conventional forces
to match the threat of Sov union
strengthen the allies- NATO
under eisenhower -
krschv - eventually in power but power vacuum between beria- head of army , krschv and some other men, bulgarin
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