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The Black Ball Line operated scheduled services which offered passenger services which was between cities such as England , Liverpool and New York. These services had expanded to other cities such as Boston and Philadelphia and this was for twice each month , due to the business growing it had created a reputation which were excellent and this was for fast ships and seaman ship.
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In 1837 the company won a contract from the Government to deliver mail to the Iberian Peninsula.
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Cunard is founded as a British and North American Royal Mail stream packet Company by Samuel Cunard, Sir George Burns and Robert Napier. They began operations with four paddle streamers on the Liverpool Halifax Boston route
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Britannia, a cruise ship operated by Britannia left Liverpool with cows on board to provide a fresh supply of milk to passengers.
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They had expanded into leisure cruising and they had offered sailings from the UK to the Mediterranean.These were the first for modern cruise holidays. They were then known as the Peninsular Stream Navigation Company and this operated its first Leisure Cruises with passengers who are able to board smaller lines.
( Customer type and Demand )- These were originally aimed at those with high levels of wealth such as Royalty, Nobles and Senior Government/Business officials -
Quaker City was a ship and this was the first Cruise from New York to Europe
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PO launch the ship Ravenna which is the first to be constructed with a 100% steel superstructure. (Technological Development)- This marked this time a ship had been designed using 100% steel. This created a more solid structure compared to traditional wood methods.
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The first ship to have electric lights is launched called SS Valetta. (Technological Development)
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The luxury cruising ship which was called the Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany , it was built in Germany and it was launched in 1900 for Hamburg America Line.
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The titanic sank on April 15th 1912 as a result of striking an iceberg between Southampton and New York. It was estimated that 2,224 passengers and crew on board approximately 1,500 died making it an incident of a the deadliest peacetime of a single ship.
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From 1920 to 1940 it was considered the most glamorous for passengers speaking to cross the Atlantic. These ships were catered to the rich and famous and they weee able to enjoy the luxurious setting and the surroundings that came with it. (Customer type and Demand)
(Social and Economic Changes) -
White Star Line merge with their main rival Cunard Line. The line would remain as a single company until 2005 when it was merged into Carnival Corporation and PLC.
(Integration) -
Many cruise ships were used to transport troops heading to war. Cruises and transatlantic sailing come to abrupt end. Many ocean liners were destroyed during the war.
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Over 1 million people paid a £10 cruise fare to Australia with the majority travelling with PO. These passengers were referred to as Ten Pound Poms.
(Social and economic changes) -
Large passenger jet aircraft were introduced with travellers switching from ships to planes. This caused a rapid decline in passenger numbers.
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The idea of the entertainment aspect of travelling on board on a cruise ship through the 1960s became appealing to passengers who would never have had the opportunity to sail on board transatlantic vessels. This includes large , public ballrooms, public lounges , swimming pools with some cruise lines also introducing on board ceremonies.
( Social and Economic changes)
( Technological Advances)
( Changes in Customer Type and Demand) -
There were many modern cruise lines that were found , for example there was the princess cruise in 1965 and the Norwegian cruise line in 1966 following on with the Royal Caribbean in 1968 , MSC in 1970, Carnival 1972 , Celebrity Cruises 1989 and SilverSea in 1994.
( Customer Type and Demand) -
There was a programme called Love Boat and this was set on the princess cruise ship and this ran from 1977 to 1990 and this was a big contribution towards success and popularity towards cruises.
( Customer Type and Demand) -
Several new cruise lines are emerged including Celebrity Cruises 1989, Disney Cruise Line (1995) , Regent Seven Sea (1990), and SilverSea( 1994). This once again expanded the choice customers had selecting a cruise holiday.
( Customer Type and Demand) -
Thomson restart their cruise line called sub cruises. It was rebranded Thomson Cruises shortly after , before being rebranded again in 2017 as Marella Cruises.
( Tour Operator Integration) -
Cunard is purchased by Carnival Corporations in 1998, increasing the number of cruise lines they own. During this period, Royal Caribbean Group also continue to expand and introduce new cruise lines. (Integration)
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The first cruise ship to have internet at sea is launched in 1999. Norwegian Sky becomes the first cruise ship to offer an internet Cafe with paid pay-as-you- go internet access.
( Technological Advances) -
PO Cruises is acquired by Carnival Corporation in 2003.
( integration) -
Cunard launch three new ships which are known as the ‘Three Queens’. Queen Mary 2 (2004), Queen Victoria (2007) and Queen Elizabeth (2010).
( Technological Advances) -
Oasis of the Seas had launched in 2009 with its first Royal Caribbeans class ship and this included the neighbourhood concept where the ship was first to feature with seven themed areas including a Central Park and the boardwalk. There was also an outdoor AquaTheatre which was featured outdoors and the broad walk light shows with high diving , trampolining and swimming.
(Technological Advances) -
The Costa Concordia sinks after hitting an underwater rock near the island Isola del Giglio. The evacuation took over 6 hours and 32 people died. The accident raised concerns about cruise ship safety
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Virgin Voyages is announced and plan to offer adult-only cruises. Their first cruise ship , Scarlet Lady which was launched in 2021.
( Customer Type and Demand)
(Tour Operator Integration) -
PO launch Britannia which becomes the largest vessel created for the British Market. It includes Britains first cookery school at sea and cutting edge entertainment. (Technological Development )
(Customer Type and Demand) -
The global cruise industry collapses as Governments around the world introduce travel restrictions. In 2020 , Diamond princess was quarantined off Japan for two-week until passengers are crew were evacuated. 712 people were infected by Covid-19. Nearly 30 cruise ships were scrapped during the Covid-19 pandemic and some cruise lines went into administration. (Social and Economic Changes)
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Royal Caribbean launch icon of the Seas which comes the world’s largest cruise ship capable of crying a maximum of 7,600 passengers and 2,350 crew. It includes the largest swim up bar at sea , ice skating and the first suspended infinity pool at sea.
( Technological Advances )