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Italy was divided into several states, including the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia under Austrian rule, the Duchies of Parma, Modena and Tuscany, and the Papal States. -
Napoleon Bonaparte dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, paving the way for the creation of a unified Germany, although still under French domination. -
After Napoleon's defeat, the European powers created the German Confederation as a loose union of 39 German states. Although it was not a true political union, it was a step towards Germanic cooperation. -
This movement sought the independence and unification of Italy under a single flag. It was key to the process of Italian unification. -
Among the most prominent figures in the unification process are Giuseppe Garibaldi, Camillo di Cavour, and King Victor Emmanuel II. -
Conflicts between China and the United Kingdom (later joined by France) over the opium trade. They resulted in the forced opening of Chinese ports to foreign trade. -
The first "unequal treaty," signed after the First Opium War. China ceded Hong Kong to the British and opened five ports to foreign trade. -
These wars against Austria were crucial for the unification. In 1866, Italy annexed Veneto and Mantua after the Third War of Independence. -
During 1848 and 1849, there were uprisings in many German states seeking democratic reforms and unification. Although they failed, they laid the groundwork for the future unification process. -
The unification transformed the political, economic, and cultural map of Italy. -
A movement inspired by Christian and anti-Manchu ideas. It was partially influenced by Western presence and ultimately weakened the Qing Empire. -
Agreements that ended the Second Opium War, allowing foreign access to China's interior and legalizing the opium trade. -
Giuseppe Garibaldi led the Expedition of the Thousand, conquering the south of Italy and contributing significantly to the unification. -
The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel II. -
This war pitted the Kingdom of Denmark against Prussia and Austria for control of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg. After the Prussian victory, these duchies were integrated into the system of the German Confederation. -
After the Austro-Prussian War, Italy annexed Venice. -
Prussia defeated Austria, resulting in Austria's exclusion from German affairs and leading to the creation of the North German Confederation, dominated by Prussia. -
After the victory in the War of the Duchies, Prussia established the North German Confederation, a union of northern German states under its leadership, excluding Austria. -
Rome joined the Kingdom of Italy after the Franco-Prussian War, completing the unification. -
This war pitted Prussia and its German allies against France. The Prussian victory further united the German states, culminating in the proclamation of the German Empire at the Palace of Versailles on January 18, 1871. -
In a ceremony at the Palace of Versailles, King Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed Emperor (Kaiser) of the German Empire, marking the formal unification of Germany under Prussian leadership. -
Bismarck undertook a series of measures against the influence of the Catholic Church in Germany, seeking to reduce the power of the Church in a now unified state. -
Reino Unido derrota al Imperio Zulú, consolidando su control en Sudáfrica. -
Gran Bretaña toma el control de Egipto, asegurando el Canal de Suez, un punto estratégico para el comercio. -
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced a series of laws to improve workers' conditions and prevent the growth of socialism in the new German Empire. -
France defeated China and consolidated its control over Vietnam, further weakening Chinese influence in the region.
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Se establecen las reglas para la colonización de África, marcando el inicio oficial del reparto colonial. -
El rey Leopoldo II de Bélgica se apropia del Congo como posesión personal, lo que más tarde lleva a abusos y explotación. -
China lost to Japan and ceded Taiwan while recognizing Korea’s independence. This was a blow to Chinese sovereignty and increased foreign intervention. -
Francia somete a diversos pueblos como los mandingas y los tuareg, consolidando su dominio en el Sahel. -
Tras la Batalla de Omdurmán, los británicos consolidan su dominio sobre Sudán. -
An anti-foreign nationalist movement that was suppressed by a coalition of foreign powers, leading to further concessions imposed on China. -
Reino Unido derrota a los bóers (descendientes de colonos holandeses) y toma el control de Sudáfrica. -
The Italian unification laid the foundations for the formation of a modern state and had a lasting impact on European history. -
China was divided into areas controlled by different foreign powers (Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, the U.S.), losing economic sovereignty. -
Alemania desafía la influencia francesa en Marruecos, lo que casi provoca una guerra en Europa. -
Se influencia de Francia y España en Marruecos, reduciendo el papel de Alemania. -
Influenced by Western pressure, the revolution led by Sun Yat-sen overthrew the monarchy and attempted to modernize China under a republican model. -
Se establece el Protectorado Francés y Español en Marruecos tras el Tratado de Fez. -
After World War I, the treaty granted Chinese territories to Japan instead of returning them to China. This led to protests and fueled Chinese nationalism.