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Nazi-Soviet non agression pact
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Invasion of the USSR, becomes an ally in the marriage of convenience
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(Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt),
Key decisions:
Western front, Soviet entry into Japan War -
Proposed to weaken Germany post-war by eliminating the arms industry + other key sectors aiding military strength
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44 countries agree on IBRD (World Bank 1945) to fund post-war reconstruction and IMF (1946) to stabilize exchange rates.
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(Churchill-Stalin), split East EU into SoI, SECRET
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UN Charter agreed + established Oct
Permanent Members -USA,BR,FR,CH,USSR - veto powers -
Reinforced
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Churchill, Roosevelt + Stalin
Germany to be divided into 4 zones of occupation
Free elections in Eastern Europe - Stalin breaks -
Alamogordo, New Mexico
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Potsdam declaration - ultimatum issued to Japanese government
Potsdam - Atlee, Truman, Stalin
Democratisation, Decentralisation, Denazification, Demilitarisation, Deindustrialisation. -
Traditionalist - dropped to end Japan war
Revisionist- dropped to scare USSR, arms race -
Romania- USSR imposed government since 1945- left wing parties merge to create the National Democratic Front- dominated by communists
1946 Elections- won by 80%
ACC dissolved + joins cominform
1948- Communist People’s Republic declared. -
Soviet cultural policy - Zhdanovshchina
Irreconcilable camps of difference -
Discuss Marshall Plan reception, Molotov walks out
PeaceTreaties Feb 1947 -
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Outlines the Soviet Union’s aggressive foreign policy and warns that containment of communism is necessary. This message forms the basis for US foreign policy during the Cold War.
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Symbolic beginning of the cold war
In a speech in Missouri, Churchill coined the term "Iron Curtain" to describe the division between Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe and the Western democracies. Churchill warns of Soviet expansionism and the threat it poses to global peace. -
Nuclear non-proliferation proposal
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US foreign policy based on economic imperialism (dollar)
Wanted global supremacy -
First direct confrontation
Allied occupation in Iran to stop AXIS access to oil + agree to leave 6 months post WW2
1945- Soviet creation of 2 small independent republics
1946- USSR refuses (sphere of influence), gain oil concession + withdraw.
Iran reneg + re-annex with USA aid -
Pro-Stalin Lublin government
Provisional Government of National Unity (1945)
Jan 1947 - communist + socialist parties merge
Gomulka announces Poland should be free in choice of future
1948- 'nationalist deviation' replaced by Bierut -
Kennan - introduced the term "containment" to widespread use and advocated the strategic use of that concept against the USSR
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Clayton determined Europe was deteriorating rapidly + needed urgent economic aid to halter European disintegration economically, socially and politically.
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Isolationism - containment
Leads to Marshall Plan (June) to reinforce the doctrine
Motives
-demonise + provoke USSR
-containment foreign policy
-protect democracy + freedom
-stops USSR involvement in Greece -
$13.5 billion aid to 16 countries, UK benefitting the most.
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Jan Masaryk threatened by Stalin against utilising the Marshall Plan
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Communist Information Bureau, coordinated communism across Eastern bloc
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Acted as a amjor factor in polarisation
Treaty of Brussels - UK,FR + Benelux -
Notion of Western GE with constitution proposed
Big Three + Benelux countries -
Backed by the US Dollar + favoured by GE.
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1,000 tonnes from USA daily, aided by Britain
Easter Sunday 13,000 tonnes
Operation Vittels
Tempelhof, Gatow + Tegel
Lifted May 12th, hurt Soviets -
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Under Kim Il Sung
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FRG (under Adenauer) joined Council of Europe + received right to have direct representation on the OEEC (Organisation of European Economic Cooperation)
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General MacArthur (SCAP) given clear directive from Washington to stabilse Japan’s economy - Joseph Dodge as economic adviser (worked with Ikeda, JA Finance Minister).
Target surplus of 157 million yen + joined GATT
GATT- General Agreement on Tariffs + Trade, created alongside UN to maximise international trade -
Chinese Communist Party + USSR
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Political Defence system
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Dean Acheson SoS justification for withdrawal of direct military support for Jiang Jieshi, intention was secret support
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Communist victory over Jiang Jieshi’s nationalist KMT forces in the Chinese Civil War
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Truman ordered 7th fleet to position itself between mainland China + Taiwan
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Indirect military support - Stalin provides NK with 178 military aircraft, 258 T-34 Tanks, 1600 artillery.
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McCarthy’s speech on the communist threat to the US Senate + ‘Asia first viewpoint’
J. Edgar Hoover (head fo the FBI), referred to teachers as ‘Reducators’
Eisenhower + Nixon mock democrats for being too soft on communism.
1954- McCarthy claimed the ‘Reds’ had infiltrated the US army.
Dec 1954- US Senate voted in favour of Mccarthy being guilty of bringing the body into disrepute. -
Acheson's Permieter Speech
Defensive cordon in Asia for militray defsnse of JA -
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Shift in Stalin agrees to provide NK with military equipment
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Stressed building USA's political, economic + military powers + focus on globalisation of the Cold War
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Soviet tanks over 38th parallel, full-scale offensive, WAR BEGINS,
Kim Il Sung reliant on 200,000 communist supporters in the South -
Mao sent 300,000 Chinese troops into NK
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General MacArthur arrives in Korea (Supreme Commander of Allied Powers in Japan)
Success in pushing NK back past 38th parallel -
By Jan, CH forces pushed past 38th parallel + captured Seoul
Feb- China condemned by UN as aggressor -
-Neither side mounted any significant military attacks
-negotiations begin -
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Recognised sovereignty of JA + renounce claims to neighboring territory, unsigned by USSR + China.
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(Bilateral) Gave USA unrestricted use of military bases, right to intervention + right to veto JA offering military bases
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Nasser plots + strikes against government (blamed for defeat against Israelis in 1949)
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NSA 110,000 ground troops + 7600 maritime personnel.
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Abolished the statute of occupation and recognised the full sovereignty of the FRG.
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Ended static position imposed by Truman’s restrictive model of containment.
-Nuclear weapons as basis on US national security strategy - Dulles + Brinkmanship. -
Krushchev's plan to cultivate land in Caucasus, Kazakhstan + Siberia, initial succes in 1956, failure in 1964.
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Dulles as SoS wanted enlarged ground force, 140,000 ground troops, $250 million funding to JA
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DMZ at roughly 38th parallel + pre-war status quo achieved.
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emphasized using nuclear superiority to deter any aggressors
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Division along 17th parallel + national elections to take place in in 2 years.
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Victory of the Vietnamese against French colonialism
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USSR recognised full sovereignty of the GDR + created the Warsaw Pact - ‘collective security strategy’
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The occupying powers agree to withdraw from Austria, commitment to AU sovereignty
Decalre Austria as neutral
Resumed summit diplomacy -
Geneva Summit (USA, FR, BR, USSR), talks on nuclear disarment
Open Skies Proposal (Eisenhower), attempt to deadlock nuclear arsenal - Krushchev rejects
GE future, stress on non permitted resurgence of militarism -
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1956- no national elections held, allows for Vietnam Worker’s Party (VWP) to implement land reform programmes - full-scale collectivisation
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20th Congress of the Communist Party of the USSR
Abandoned Marxist-Leninist view that war was inevitable
Foreign Policy - USSR remain leaders in socialist bloc, GE kept weak, military spending reduced, primus inter pares of eastern bloc -
28th June, 10,000 troops arrive under orders of Minister of Defence
74 killed
Reamined loyal partner in Warsaw Pact
Gomulka allowed more relaxed 'own path to socialism' -
Nasser announces nationalisation of Suez Canal, using profits to build Aswan Dam - Suez War
Joint campaign of Israel, France + BR against Egypt, met in France -
Student Riots in Budapest, requested Imre Nagy as PM
Nagy made reforms, yet issue came when threatened to leave the Warsaw Pact
4000 Soviet Tanks on 3rd Nov + 15 divisions of Red Army -
(established 1948) becomes efficient all jet force focused on strategic bombers
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US aid to Middle Eastern conflicts to those threatened by international communism e.g Lebanese Civil War
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R-7 Semyorka
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Eisenhower's military policy--reliance on cheap nuclear weapons instead of expensive Army divisions--was inadequate
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USA launch first satellite called Vanguard, crashed + coined ‘Flopnik’
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China - Bombings of Taiwanese islands of Quemoy + Matsu
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6 month ultimatum issued + demanded withdrawal of US troops from West Berlin
31st Dec - rejected by FRG -
VWP commits to revolutionary violence strategy, effectvely declaring war on South Vietnam
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Krushchev in the US
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arranged $100 million in credits
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Paris Summit + U2 Spy Plane crisis, talks collapse when Gary Power’s sy plane shot down over USS
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little achieved with JFK (reaffirmed Truman Doctrine at inauguration speech)
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first shipment of crude oil from USSR, US companies refuse to refine it - Castro nationalises them
US response - economic sanctions + reduced imports of sugar by 95% -
formed as an agent of communisation, Ho Chi Minh trail, political manifesto - 10 point programme
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gave report including increase in helicopter forces, training support and strategic bombing of North Vietnam
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1500 anti-Castro exiles, failure
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50 megatons
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OPLAN 312 + 314, land + air strikes
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Aimed isolating from Vietcong.
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In the caribbean, show of military might + defence minister concluded that in the face of a determined US attack, Cuba would stand no more than a week.
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secret Soviet Russia operation carried out in 1962 to place medium range and intermediate range missiles and nuclear warheads in Cuba
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McGeorge Bundy informs JFK - forms ExComm - Dean Rusk, McNamara, Kennedy, Taylor (Hawks + Doves)
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Major Rudolf Anderson shot down in U2 spy plane + killed
Secret meeting between Dobrynin + Robert Kennedy - told USSR would remove Turkey missiles, not immdiately + could not be used in any public + formal settlements) - did not inform NATO, perceived concession to USSR pressures -
In exchnage for jupiter missiles
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Faced persecution under Diem, Quang Doc publicly burned himself alive in Saigon.
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need for alternative leadership in South Vietnam
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Unprecedented action + cooperation
Used by LBJ in six day war 1967 -
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USA, USSR, UK
Limited agreement - allowed underground testing
No outer space or above ground
FR + CH do not sign - building own arsenals -
Leon Johnson - estimated 93 million casualties in event of nuclear warfare
MAD - mutually assured destruction -
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covert coastal and naval operations against North Vietnam under LBJ
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USS Maddox v 3 NV torpedo boats
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Gave presidential power to circumvent Congress in making military decisions in Vietnam
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Soviet defence minister - Malinovsky suggested to a Chinese minister they should rid of Mao as the USSR did to Krushchev
China abandoned talks -
AMERICANISATION
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Turning point in Americanisation + B-52 bombers of Agent Orange + Blue
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Rejected by LBJ + rejected UN sec Thant in talks with NV
US to leave Vietnam to settle peace internally -
Ideological cleansing
Destroy 'for olds'
Red Guard- youth movement
Attack on traditionalist culture + Mao opposition -
Dubcek - Jan 1968
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Captured US embassy
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Solidifies collective agreement against arms race
Evolving treaty- recognised 5 nuclear powers and banned sharing technology
USA committed to ICBM + SLBM production -
Meeting of WP countries to discuss Prague Spring
Bratislava Declaration -
100 killed
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'I'm goin to stop the war, fast'
Peace with honor -
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Realism in IR
Negate domestic opposition, armed ARVN with M-16 Armalite rifles -
Ostpolitik - abandons Hallstein Doctrine
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4 students protesting agaisnt the war in Vietnam shot by the National Guard
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FRG + USSR
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150,000 tons of bombs - Nixon
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12 principles - special responsibility
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Limited number of ICBMs, SLBMs + ABMs
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Framework for 10 year plan
Equal levels of SLBMs and ICBMs -
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Hard liner on arms production
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300,000 workers strike - response to food inflation by 100%
10 million membership -
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US funded
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Reagan in Parliament
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weapon sales, CIA mined Nicaraguan harbours, CIA tried to persuade Israel + Taiwan to fund Contras when Congress blocked US
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Mengitsu + led by WPE
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Absolves members of military death squads
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Major reforms
- legalisation of non-gov trade unions
-position of president
-formation of a Senate -
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Killed 12
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Mengitsu asylum in Zimbabwe
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FMLN becomes legitimate