-
Period: to
Bartolomeo Cristofori
Invented the piano
Italian -
Period: to
Francois Couperin
French composer
Wrote in this rococo style -
Period: to
Jean-Philippe Rameau
French composer and theorist
Tried to establish a rational foundation for harmonic practice -
Invention of Piano
Invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence -
Period: to
Giovanni Battista Sammartini
Influenced Mozart
Invented the symphony -
Period: to
Franz Xaver Richter
Inventor of the string quartet -
Period: to
Frederick the Great
His achievements include military victories, reorganization of Prussian armies, patronage of Prussian Arts, a gifted musician who played flute, composed at least 100 sonatas and 4 symphonies, and
spoke German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, English, Latin, ancient and modern Greek, and Hebrew.
He was more interested in artistic pursuits, philosophy, and musicthan in war. -
Period: to
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Primary composer of Empfindsamkeit, a style that desired to be, above all, simple and expressive of “natural” feeling
Eldest son of J.S. Bach
Worked in Berlin for Frederick the Great (Frederick II) who reigned over the Kingdom of Prussia (Germany, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Denmark, Belgium, Czech Republicand Switzerland) from 1740 to 1786 -
Period: to
Christoph Willibald Gluck
Lyric dramatic opera
Brought about operatic reform in Italian opera seria -
Treatise on Harmony
Written by Rameau
Beginning ofideas of modern music theory -
Period: to
Rococo Style
“Rococo” comes from the French word, “rocaille,” which means “scroll”
In the ornate style, scrolls were often featured
Charming and entertaining
Was “over-the-top” in ornamentation and decoration
French
Many ornaments including trills, turns, grace notes -
Period: to
Franz Joseph Haydn
Credited as primary mover of the new classic style with instrumental music but did not invent the style
Composed some early string quartets after Richter invented the genre (about 80 in all) -
Period: to
Franz Joseph Haydn
One of the most original, effective, and inventive composers
Started in Vienna as a choirboy at St. Stephen’s Cathedral
Lived under this court patronage system for most of his adult career
Worked for a prince and had to compose, lead the chapel services, train, and supervise the music personnel, and supervise instrument maintenance and repairs for him
Was a high-ranking servant, and the musicians were his responsibility -
Period: to
Johann Schobert
Influenced Mozart
Stimulated orchestra effects in harpsichord writing -
Period: to
J. C. Bach
Influenced Mozart (they met in London)
His style used beautiful melodies and bits of chromaticism
Wrote Italian operas, church music, and orchestral works.
Used contrasting themes in concertos and sonata-form movements -
Period: to
Giovanni Paisiello
Italian composer
Spent time in Naples, St. Petersburg, and Paris, and ended his career back in Naples
Wrote 94 operas -
Period: to
Antonio Salieri
One of the successful court composers in Vienna and was very popular and talented
Composed many operas in Italian, German, and French -
Period: to
Maria Anna Mozart (Nannerl)
One of 2 notable composers of the classical era
Mozart’s older sister, who was often described as equal in talent and skill
Toured with Mozart during her childhood
When she was 12, Leopold Mozart said that she was one of the most skillful players in Europe and wrote that she played the most difficult works and that she played “so beautifully that everyone is talking about her and admiring her execution.”
When she retired, Mozart sent her his piano cadenzasto play and critique -
Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach's Treatise
Stated that music’s main aims were to touch the heart and move the emotions
Had to be played with "the soul" -
Period: to
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Was a child prodigy
Keyboard virtuoso
Good violinist and dancer
Performed in aristocratic homes, courts, and in public
Learned the Italian style during his 3 trips to Italy
Learned the current styles in Vienna in 1773
Commissioned to compose and produce an opera in 1781
Made significant contributions to symphonies, sonatas, concertos, chamber music, sacred music, and opera
Music is noted for dramatic content, lyrical melody lines, and colorful orchestration -
Period: to
Maria Theresa von Paradis
One of 2 notable female composers of the classical era
Excellent pianist and organist
Renowned for her remarkable musical memory
60 concertos at a time
Was blind
Composed 2 concertos, a piano trio, songs, cantatas, operas, and other chamber music
Mozart composed his Piano Concerto in B flat, K. 456 for her
Salieri composed his only organ concerto in her honor
Most of her music is lost
Wrote "Sicilienne" -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
Made mass production possible -
Period: to
Mozart's Tour
Mozart went on tours with his father through the Austrian-Hungarian countries, Germany, France, England, Holland, and Italy -
Organ Concerto in C
Antonio Salieri wrote this for Maria Theresa von Paradis -
Symphony No. 29 in A Major K. 201
Mozart was in Viennawhen he composed this and attended a play for which he had composed some choruses and incidental music
Memorable melody with a descending octave leap at the beginning
Created a first movement that exhibits a fiery and clever personality
"K" stands for Koechel (Ludwig von Koechel)
According to this score, he was back in Salzburg 2 days later on April 6, finishing his symphony
It had 4 movements -
Period: to
American Revolution
-
1st Patented Version of Piano
in London -
Mozart Buys his 1st Piano
The piano is currently in his old apartment in Salzburg -
Piano Concerto in G Major, K. 453
K. 453 was written for a student of Mozart's named Barbara von Ployer
He wrote 2 concertos for her and was proud of her -
Piano Concerto No. 17 in G Major, K. 453
Three movements: Allegro, Andante-Allegretto, Presto
Scored for orchestra including flute, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, strings, and piano solo
Clear indication of sonata principles within the ritornello structure -
Piano Concerto in B flat, K. 456
Mozart wrote this for Maria Theresa von Paradis -
Mozart was Appointed Imperial-Royal Court Composer
Mozart was appointed Imperial-Royal Court Composer after Christoph Willibald Gluck had died -
Period: to
French Revolution
-
Haydn's Later Orchestra
Strings: Violins 1 (8-10) & violins 2 (6-8), violas (4-6), cellos (3-4), & double basses (2)
Woodwinds: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, & sometimes clarinets
Brass: 2 French horns & 2 trumpets
Percussion: Timpani -
Symphony No. 100 in G Major (Military)
Composed by Haydn in London
Used trumpet fanfares
Turkish military percussion instruments: Triangle, cymbals, bass drum, bell tree, riq
Movement 2: Allegretto
Played with the expectations of 18th-century syntax of phrasing and cadences
Played with the idea of returning musical themes and when and where they are expected
Surprises with the Janissary elements -
Haydn Retires
Retired in Vienna
Still was a celebrity who often appeared in public -
Trumpet Concerto in E-flat Major
Composed by Haydn
3 movements: Allegro, Andante, & Allegro
Sonata rondo form: A B A B A C & A B A -
String Quartet in C Major, Opus 76, No. 3
Composed by Franz Joseph Haydn
Theme and variations
The theme and variation I are homophonic.
Variations II, III, and IV are polyphonic
The instruments take turns with the main theme
Theme: 1st violin
Variation I: 2nd violin
Variation II: Cello
Variation III: Viola
Variation IV: 1st violin -
The Creation
Composed by Haydn after retirement
Large oratorio -
Period: to
Ludwig von Koechel
Earliest cataloguer of Mozart’s works -
The Seasons
Composed by Haydn after retirement
Large oratorio -
Haydn Retires (Again)
Stops composing due to health decline -
Haydn's Last Public Appearance
Vienna
Was at a performance of his oratorio "The Creation"
Haydn was frail and was brought to the concert hall in an armchair to the sound of trumpets and drums
Greeted with honor by Beethoven and Salieri (who led the performance) and other musician
Overwhelmed and had to leave at intermission