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Executive Order 9981
In 1949, President Truman set an enforcement desegregating the US military. This was marked as the first major federal action to addressing racism after world war 2. This was neither civil/self disobedience.
https://www.history.com/articles/harry-truman-executive-order-9981-desegration-military-1948 link to the photo -
Brown v Board of Education
The supreme court had declared schools segregation unconstitutional. This event overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and laid the major foundation of school integration. This was neither civil/self disobedience.https://www.floridatimeline.org/timeline/1954-florida-resists-the-brown-v-the-board-of-education-decision/ Photo link -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Africans in Montgomery Alabama refused to used the segregated bus system. MLK marked the beginning of mass civil rights activism. This was civil disobedience. https://aaregistry.org/story/the-montgomery-bus-boycott-begins/ photo link -
National indian youth council
Many young Native Americans created a group to advocate for treaty rights and racial justice.
This initiated direct activism with Native American youths, especially through protests.
This is Civil Disobedience link to photohttps://www.npacnm.org/about -
UFW Organizing Committee Founded
This committee was led by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, and organized farmworkers to demand labor rights. This overall united mostly Hispanic laborers for collective bargaining and civil rights. This was civil disobedience. photo from linkhttps://nfwm.org/farm-workers/farmworker-partners/united-farm-workers-of-america/ -
The Feminine Mystique Published
Betty Friedan’s book encouraged the domestic ideal of women and sparked feminism.
This shifted public awareness toward gender inequality in American society. neither civil/self disobedience. photo in link https://origins.osu.edu/read/feminine-mystique -
Civil rights act
A law banning discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodations.
A major landmark victory for civil rights movements across race and gender. Neither civil/self disobedience.https://www.npr.org/2014/04/04/299063588/the-politics-of-passing-1964s-civil-rights-act photo in link -
Delano Grape Strike Begins
Filipino and Mexican farmworkers boycott grape growers for better conditions.
This was one of the most successful labor rights movements, with multiple ethnic groups.
This was Civil Disobediencehttps://caamedia.org/blog/2015/08/20/bold-step-a-celebration-of-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-delano-grape-strike/ photo in link -
Occupation of Alcatraz Island
Native activists distracted the abandoned federal prison to protest broken treaties.
This drew national attention to Native sovereignty and their and rights.
This is Civil Disobediencehttps://news.berkeley.edu/2022/11/08/sound-and-music-of-alcatraz-occupation/ photo in link -
Title IX Passed
A federal law that prohibited gender discrimination in education and athletics.
This opened doors for women in schools and sports, transforming gender equity.
neither civil/self disobedience. https://guides.loc.gov/title-IX-law-library-resources/legislative-path -
Wounded Knee Occupation
AIM members occupied Wounded Knee, by protesting tribal government corruption and U.S. policy. This reasserted Native demands for autonomy and exposed federal neglect.
Both Civil/self Disobedience. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/national-museum-american-indian/2023/02/27/a-return-to-the-knee-occupation-fifty-years-later/ photo in link -
Sandra Day O’Connor Appointed
First woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Major milestone for women’s political and legal representation. Neither civil/self disobedience https://www.supremecourt.gov/visiting/exhibitions/SOCExhibit/Section3.aspx photo in link -
"Day Without Immigrants" Protest
Immigrants stayed home from work and school to protest immigration legislation.
This demonstrated the economic and cultural impact of Hispanic Americans.
This is Civil Disobedience https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/16/515555428/a-day-without-immigrants-promises-a-national-strike-thursday photo in link -
Black Lives Matter Movement Founded
A social media campaign in response to Trayvon Martin’s shooter being acquitted.
This revitalized national focus on police violence and systemic racism.
This is Civil Disobedience https://www.weforum.org/stories/2016/08/black-lives-matter-movement-explained/ photo in link -
Native American Voting Rights Act Introduced
This aimed at reducing barriers to voting access for Native Americans.
Which overall addressed long-standing disenfranchisement of Native populations. This is neither civil/self disobedience. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/study-finds-extensive-barriers-restrict-native-americans-voting photo in link