-
This period is important because it shows how Native peoples lived and shaped California before Spanish contact.
-
Humans began migrating across Beringia, a land bridge that once connected Asia and North America.
This is significant, as it shows how people were able to travel across different parts of the world. -
The Chumashan people likely settled along the Santa Barbara coast, where their early language was spoken.
This matters because the first people to live in California. -
Yukian-speaking people moved to Northern California
This connects to the period because shows different groups of people came to live in California -
Uto-Aztecan people migrated into Southern California, bringing new languages and cultures.
This matters because new languages and cultures were introduced to Southern California. -
The smallpox pandemic spread across the continent.
This is significant because the pandemic brought new viruses that greatly reduced Native populations. -
California Colonized is important because Spanish settlement changed Natives life through missions, land control, and new systems of rule.
Spanish settlement altered Native life in California through missions, land control, and new systems of governance. -
Cabrillo sailed along the California coast, and he encountered the Chumash people.
This is important because it marks the first contact between Europeans and Native people in California. -
Queen Elizabeth I ordered Sir Francis Drake to raid Spanish ships and settlements during his voyage around the world.
This connects because it challenged Spanish control and increased European competition along the California coast. -
Spanish army officer Jose Francisco Ortega arrived with seven officers, thirty-four soldiers, and ten Indian attendants.
This is significant because it the beginning of Spanish military presence and control in California -
Mission Santa Barbara was founded, and construction of the mission began.
This connects because it expanded the Spanish mission system and increased control over Native peoples in California. -
Set rules for making new states and banned them in the Northwest Territory.
This is important because it set rules for creating new states. -
The rise of the pandemic is affecting local populations.
The significance of the pandemic caused widespread illness and greatly reduced local populations. -
Cattle, sheep, and ghosts were raised around Santa Barbara, and the Spanish also introduced horses to the region.
This is important because Spanish livestock and horses changed the land, economy, and way of life in the region. -
A measles epidemic spread through California, severely affecting Indigenous communities.
This means the epidemic caused widespread death among Indigenous communities who had little immunity. -
Napoleon invaded Spain, replaced its king with his brother, and sparked the Peninsular War.
This is important because it weakened Spain's control and eventually led to political changes in California. -
Spain codified a plan to secularize all colonial religious institutions.
This is significant because it transferred mission lands from the church to private ownership, changing California's social and economic structure. -
The Spanish Constitution granted full citizenship to Indigenous people and colonial-born subjects.
This is important because it recognizes the rights of Indigenous people. -
This period is important because it marks the transition from Spanish to Mexican rule and the changes in land, governance, and life for Californians.
-
Hospital Asistencia was established, where Native Americans and missionaries could receive care.
The establishment of Hospital Asistencia offered care to Native Americans and missionaries. -
Mexico gained independence after a decade-long struggle.
This is significant because it ended Spanish rule and made California part of the new nation of Mexico. -
Agustin Fernandez traveled through California, announcing independence from Spain.
This is important because it spread the news of Mexico’s independence throughout California. -
The Chumash began a major revolt against the Spanish/Mission system.
The Chumash revolt represents a key moment of Indigenous defiance against Spanish authority. -
The Chumash revolt had ended.
The end of the revolt shows the conclusion of the Chumash resistance against Spanish control. -
The Chumas attacked Mission Santa Ines, and the fighting soon spread to other nearby missions.
The attack shows Chumash resistance and the spread of conflict to nearby missions. -
The Chumash people carried out one of their largest and most organized revolts against the Spanish mission system.
The revolt demonstrates one of the Chumash’s largest and most organized efforts to resist Spanish missions. -
Mexico created official rules for giving out land grants, making land distribution more organized and regulated.
This is important because it organized land distribution and helped regulate who could receive property in California. -
The Native leader Estanislao, organized revolts against the Mexican government and mission system.
Estanislao’s actions show Native resistance against the Mexican government and mission system. -
The missions were secularized, and Native families were meant to receive mission land.
This is important because it marked a major shift in land ownership and affected Native communities in California. -
Neophytes returned to their village in Northern California and moved into pueblos in Southern California.
Neophytes returning to villages and pueblos show how Native people began reclaiming their communities after the mission system. -
California had around 1 million cattle, which shows how big the cattle trade had become.
The large number of cattle shows how significant the cattle trade had become in California. -
John Sutter founded New Helvetia as a key California settlement.
John Sutter’s founding of New Helvetia marked the growth of important settlements in California. -
Major John C. Fremont made his third trip to California despite being banned by the Mexican government.
Fremont’s trip shows increasing U.S. interest and influence in California despite Mexican restrictions. -
This is significant because it marks California’s shift from a land focused on natural resources and ranching to growing economic development and industry.
-
The Mexican-American War began, and U.S. forces took control of California.
The war and U.S. control marked the start of California transitioning from Mexican to American rule. -
The bloodiest California battle (22 U.S. soldiers dead, 12 Mexicans wounded).
This battle shows the high cost of conflict during California’s transition from Mexican to U.S. control. -
Fremont travels to the upper Sacramento River.
Fremont’s travels helped map California and increased U.S. interest in the region. -
The Treaty of Cahuenga ended the war in California, letting Mexican soldiers surrender peacefully.
The treaty brought an end to fighting in California and allowed a peaceful surrender of Mexican forces. -
The Treaty of Cahuenga ended the war in California, letting Mexican soldiers surrender peacefully.
The treaty ended the conflict in California and allowed Mexican soldiers to surrender without further bloodshed. -
Local people rushed to the gold regions.
The rush to the gold regions shows how quickly the Gold Rush drew people and transformed California’s population. -
Experienced miners arrived from Latin America, China, and Hawaii.
The arrival of experienced miners from Latin America, China, and Hawaii shows how California’s Gold Rush attracted skilled workers from around the world. -
It highlights how the Gold Rush brought rapid population growth, economic change, and devastating impacts on Native communities in California.
-
Less experienced miners came, mostly from the US, China, and Europe.
The arrival of inexperienced miners shows how the Gold Rush attracted a diverse group of people to California. -
Allowed forced labor and loss of Native lands.
These policies show how Native Americans faced exploitation and loss of land during California’s development. -
Fremont creates a plan to remove Native People from their lands.
Fremont’s plan shows the forced displacement of Native people as part of California’s expansion. -
The Land Act was passed, requiring California landowners to prove their ownership of Spanish and Mexican land grants.
The Land Act shows how land ownership was challenged and formalized, affecting Californians with Spanish and Mexican grants. -
The U.S. government negotiates with 100 tribal leaders, creating the Rancheria system.
The negotiations and Rancheria system show how the U.S. government tried to manage Native land while controlling Indigenous communities. -
About 250,000 - 300,000 Americans moved to California.
The large migration shows how California’s population rapidly grew, shaping its economy and society. -
Native populations greatly declined due to disease, violence, land loss, and starvation.
The decline shows the devastating effects of colonization and conflict on Native communities in California. -
Modoc leader Kintpuash (Captain Jack) surrenders and is executed.
Kintpuash’s surrender and execution show the harsh consequences Native leaders faced during conflicts with the U.S. government. -
The Modoc resisted U.S forces in a major uprising.
The Modoc resistance shows Native efforts to defend their land against U.S. forces. -
Only about 6,550 Natives remain living on the tribal lands.
The drastic decline in Native population shows the devastating effects of disease, conflict, and displacement in California. -
It shows how California attracted people, resources, and attention from around the world during the Gold Rush and early statehood.
This demonstrates California’s global appeal and how the Gold Rush and early statehood drew people and resources from around the world. -
The U.S and Japan agreed to limit Japanese immigration.
The agreement shows early efforts to control immigration and shaped California’s population and labor force. -
Progressives took control of the Railroad Commission to regulate the large railroads. Progressive control of the Railroad Commission shows efforts to regulate powerful railroads and protect public interests in California.
-
Women gained the right to vote in California, and citizens could now propose laws, recall officials, and vote directly for senators.
These changes show how California expanded voting rights and gave citizens more direct control over government decisions. -
California banned “aliens ineligible for citizenship” from buying agricultural land.
This ban shows how California restricted land ownership, targeting immigrant communities and shaping the state’s agricultural economy. -
Children under 14 were prohibited from working, except in agriculture.
This law shows efforts to protect children while still allowing labor in agriculture. -
The 18th Amendment banned alcohol nationwide.
The amendment shows how California, along with the U.S., enforced nationwide prohibition of alcohol. -
Women could vote across the U.S., and a second Alien Land Act further restricted immigrant land ownership.
These changes show the expansion of voting rights for women and continued restrictions on immigrant land ownership in California. -
Japanese immigration to the U.S was halted completely.
Halting Japanese immigration shows how restrictive policies targeted specific groups and shaped California’s population. -
The Office of Naval Intelligence began compiling lists of Japanese Americans considered potentially disloyal.
This action shows how Japanese Americans were targeted and surveilled during World War II. -
Authorized the removal of all Japanese Americans from designated military exclusion zones.
This authorization shows how Japanese Americans were forcibly removed from their homes during World War II. -
Chinese immigrants were finally allowed to enter the U.S again.
This change shows the end of restrictive immigration laws against Chinese people and allowed them to return to the U.S. -
California's population tripled from 10 million to 30 million.
The population growth shows how California experienced rapid expansion, affecting its economy, cities, and resources. -
U.S. ends many protective laws for Native Americans.
Ending these laws shows how Native Americans lost federal protections, affecting their rights and lands. -
It reflects the growth, diversity, and development of the state into a major economic, cultural, and political center.
This highlights California’s transformation into a diverse and influential economic, cultural, and political hub. -
Prohibited discrimination by businesses.
This prohibition shows efforts to promote equality and protect people from unfair treatment in California. -
Expanded California's infrastructure with new roads.
Expanding roads shows how California improved transportation and supported economic growth. -
The State Water Project was developed to enhance water infrastructure by transporting water to growing urban areas.
The State Water Project shows how California improved water distribution to support urban growth and development. -
Formed to oppose Asian immigration to the U.S.
This organization shows how anti-Asian sentiment shaped immigration policies and attitudes in California. -
A rise in modern Native rights movements and protests.
The rise of Native rights movements shows efforts to reclaim land, protect culture, and gain political influence in California. -
Formed to oppose Asian immigration to the U.S.
This group shows how anti-Asian sentiment influenced immigration policy and social attitudes in California. -
54.6% of Californians lived in suburbs, and 97.4% of suburban residents were white.
These statistics show the growth of suburbs and highlight racial segregation in California’s communities. -
The 1850 Indian Act was finally repealed.
Repealing the 1850 Indian Act shows progress toward restoring rights and protections for Native Americans in California. -
Gov. Gavin Newsom formally apologized to Native Americans.
The apology shows recognition of past injustices against Native Americans in California.