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The earliest form of marketing through direct exchange of goods. It laid the foundation for trade and value exchange. -
Merchants used fairs to promote goods, introducing early branding and product display techniques. -
Gutenberg’s invention enabled mass advertising through printed materials like flyers and newspapers. -
Mass production created a need for product differentiation and advertising in newspapers. -
Companies like Coca-Cola and Kellogg’s began using logos and slogans to build brand identity. -
Neil Borden formalized the 4 Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion), shaping modern marketing strategy. -
The internet transformed marketing with SEO, email campaigns, and e-commerce. -
Platforms like Instagram and TikTok enable real-time engagement; AI powers personalized campaigns.