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Prince Henry the Navigator establishes the School of Navigation in Sagres, Portugal.
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Christopher Columbus lands in the Bahamas (San Salvador Island).
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Treaty of Tordesillas signed between Spain and Portugal. Divided the non-European world between the two nations.
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Vasco da Gama arrives at Calicut, India.
Established direct sea route from Europe to India. -
Hernán Cortés captures Tenochtitlan, toppling the Aztec Empire. Mexico becomes part of Spain’s empire.
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Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition completes circumnavigation (ship Victoria returns to Spain). First successful circumnavigation of the globe
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Francisco Pizarro captures Cuzco, capital of the Inca Empire! Ended major Inca resistance and secured Spanish control over Peru.
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Charter granted to British East India Company by Queen Elizabeth I. Authorized monopoly on trade in Asia for Britain.
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Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded in the Netherlands. Became one of the world’s most powerful trading companies.
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Treaty of Westphalia signed in Münster and Osnabrück. Ended the Thirty Years’ War, changing political boundaries and sovereignty rules.