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The printing press was invented helping widespread info such as the Bible Impacted the Renaissance and Reformation increased literacy and spread ideas in the vernacular and Latin -
Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans and it was a Turing point in European history and marked the end of the Byzantine Empire -
The Tudors Reign
1485-1603 A royal house that ruled 1485=1603
Began with King Henry victory = war of the roses ended with Elizabeth I King Henry's Vlll break from Catholicism (English Reformation)
Mary l Restores Catholicism
Elizabeth v.s defeats Spanish Armada -
Columbus went to Murica
Alhambra Decree (Jews and Muslims GTFO) ( jews were told to convert or leave)
Completion of the Reconquista (fall of Granada) Country's effort by Christian kingdoms to gain/reclaim territory from Muslim rule and ended with the fall of Granada -
Michelangelo Completes the Sistine Chapel Painting of the ceiling Michelangelo was a master sculptor painter and architect in/during the renaissance -
Martin Luther makes 95 thesis ( list of propositions written by Luther criticizing the Catholic church mainly indulgences)
Protestant Reformation Starts (Religions+Political that challenged Catholicism and the church also created the protestants ) -
Martin Luther's attendance at the Diet of Worms
He was supposed to recant but didn't An assembly of the holy Roman church where Luther was supposed to renounce his teachings against the Catholic church -
Machiavelli's the prince is published
Political Treaties written by Machiavelli -
Act of Supremacy under King Henry the 8th under the Tudor Reign
(Anglican church) Law that made King Henry Vlll the head of the church of England Anglican church- protestant church made by King Henry Vlll Break from Catholicism -
Copernicus a polish astronomer publishes on the Revolutions of Heavenly spheres Proposes heliocentric model putting the sun in the center not the earth -
The Counter reformation Starts with the roman Catholics to try and undo the Protestant Reformation Convened by the Catholic church to undo protestant reformation
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Peace of Augsburg and they recognize "Culius Regio, eios religio" Ended religious conflict (Civil War) between Catholics and Lutherans -
A series of targeted assassinations and mob violence against the Huguenots (French Protestants ) -
Conflict in France from 1585-1589 of french wars of religion
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Phillip ll of Spain v.s Elizabeth l of England Spanish Armada- Large fleet of Spanish ships sent to invade England and depose of Queen Elizabeth l -
A Decree Signed by King Henry lV of France giving rights to Huguenots and Calvinist Protestant minority allowing people to practice religion freely. -
Defenestration of Prague - Bohemian protestant nobles threw 2 catholic imperial officials out the window of Prague castle triggering the war Stages of the War-
Bohemian 1615 -1625
Danish 1625 - 1629
Swedish 1630 - 1635
French 1635 - 1648 Peace of Westphalia - Treaties ending the 30 years War and granting religious tolerance -
Royalist (Supporters of Charles 1) v.s Parliamentarians (Led by Oliver Cromwell) Ends with execution of Charles the first and established the common wealth Order of war James 1
Charles 1
Oliver Cromwell
Charles 2
James 2
William and Mary -
"L'Enfant c'est moi " - I am the State
Avoided calling in the Estates general
Palace of Versailles
Intendants (French royal officials )
Nobles of the Robe ( Inherited rank and they did stuff for the king) Increased Taxes
Bureaucracy (Structured Government )
Mercantilism ( trade and national wealth) Largest professional army in Europe
Colonial Expansion Revoked Edict of Nantes (French Huguenots) -
Glorious Revolution
James the second is replaced by William the third and Mary the second (Protestant monarchs invited by Parliament) -
Limits power of the Monarchy (establish a Constitutional Monarchy) Locke's two treatises of government published -
Treaty of Utrecht - A series of agreements ending the war of Spanish succession conferment Philip V as king of Spain preserving Europe's balance of power War of Spanish Succession - European conflict sparked by the death of childless Charles the second of Spain with rival claimed to the throne threatening European balance of power -
Maria Theresa of Austria - Ruler of Hapsburg monarchy only women to rule the Hapsburg dynasty War of Austrian Succession - Sparked by Fredrick the great of Prussia invading of Silesia challenging Maria Theresa right to the Hapsburg throne after her father died
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Denis Diderot made the encyclopedia with the help of Catherine the great from Russia
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Fredrick the Great (Prussia)
Louis XV (France)
Maria Theresa and George III (Britain) Ends with the treaty of Paris -
The start of the industrial Revolution starts
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Enlightened Monarch Over threw her husband (Could killed him) Westernize Russia Encyclopedia (Diderot) Religions Reforms Oppressed Serfs After rebellion
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Principle rebellion in a series of popular rebellions during the reign of Catherine the Great
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Made America Official -
Triggered by Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Declaration of the Rights of man and Citizen Storming of the Bastille National Assembly -
Haitians revolt and gain independence
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Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
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Napolian Bonapart seizes power (Coup of 18 Brumaire) -
Napolian Crowns himself emperor of France
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Holy Roman empire ded
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Napolian is defeated by Duke of wellington Congress of Vienna led by prince Metternich Restores conservation order
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an international diplomatic assembly convened to reorganize Europe following the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte. Led by the major conservative powers of the day, it sought to establish a long-term peace plan through a stable balance of power. It was meant to make sure no one nation could gain sole power to do as napolian did. -
Age of Metternich happens after/during the Concert of Europe, Power was pretty much given to Metternich and he faced conservative backlash and he wanted to put the genie back (undo what napolian did) He aimed to restore balance of power.
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Happened in Britain on August 16th 1819, it was a protest in St.Peters field in Manchester. The crowd demanded parlement reform, universal male suffrage,repeal of corn laws as well. about 20 people died and 700 were injured. -
Metternich's reaction in german confederation.
Outlawed:
-nationalists
-fratunities
-Burchenschaften Removed liberal professors
Censorship of curriculum,press,gathering,and pamphleteering -
Napolian dies 1821 he was alone in exile on the island of St. Helena -
Was a failed military coup in St.Petersburg russia -
Romantic nationalist movement that challenged the conservative order that was established after the napolianc wars -
An uprising in Paris to overthrow the Bourbon king Charles X Charles X overthrown, Louis Phillippe becomes citizen King -
Happened in GB it altered the British electoral system
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inspired by Liberal,Nationalist, and socialist Ideas
Most Revolutions fail conservative egimes restored
Metternich removed march 31st
Karl Marx and Friedrick Bengals publish the Communist manifesto -
Russia v Ottoman Empire, Britain and france
First modern war with war correspondents and photography -
France and Austrian are at war
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Industrial revolution happened again
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led by Cavour Piedmont and Garibaldi (redshirts)
Alexander the seconed of Russia emancipated the srefs -
Austia and Prussia go to war
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Led by Otto von Bismark and Napoleon the third ends in German unification under kair wilhelm 1
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Congress of Berlin
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The triple alliance is formed between Germany, Austro Hugnaria, and Italy -
Arranged by Bismarch to regulate afrian conloniztion 90% of aferica is colonized
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The Initial Conviction (1894): Dreyfus was accused of passing military secrets to Germany based on a torn-up note (the bordereau) found in a wastebasket at the German Embassy. Despite weak evidence and flawed handwriting analysis, he was convicted in a secret court-martial and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's IslandIt began with the wrongful conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus. -
Bloody Sunday began when imperial guards fired on a peaceful procession of thousands of workers led by Father Georgi Gapon in St. Petersburg. The marchers, carrying religious icons and portraits of the Tsar, intended to present a petition for better working conditions and civil liberties.The Russo-Japanese War A string of humiliating military defeats—including the fall of Port Arthur and the Battle of Tsushima—shattered the image of tsarist competence and exacerbated economic hardship. -
The Triple Entente was an informal diplomatic alignment formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, and the Russian Empire. It was created as a strategic counterbalance to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy -
major international diplomatic conflict sparked by Austria-Hungary’s formal annexation of the Balkan provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. -
assassination of archduke Ferdinand
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, occurred on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This event is widely regarded as the immediate "spark" that ignited World War I. -
Balkan Wars
The Balkan Wars were two sharp, successive military conflicts in 1912 and 1913 that stripped the Ottoman Empire of nearly all its remaining European territory. These wars shifted regional power toward the Balkan states and are widely considered a direct prelude to World War I.
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