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The Printing Press, a device that allows the mass production of uniform printed matter, mainly in the form of books, newspapers, and pamphlets. Originating from China, the Printing Press revolutionized society therefore be further developed in Europe in the 15th century by Johannes Gutenberg and his invention the Gutenberg press, the printing press helped democratize information which fueled major historical movements. Ex: Protestant Reformation. -
Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire led a conquest. He led a siege that lasted 55 days which came to an end on May 29, 1453 when the Ottomans breached Constantinople ancient land. Mehmed surrounded Constantinople through land and sea while employing a cannon to maintain constant barrage of the cities wall. This fall left the once powerful Christian Europe defenseless against the Muslim invasion, which ultimately allowed for the Ottoman Empire an uninterrupted expansion into Europe. -
The Tudor Dynasty started when Henry VII succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between houses of Lancaster and York which led to the finding of the Tudor house. Succeeded from Henry VII till Elizabeth I the Tudor dynasty went on for 118 years. During this time period England developed into on of the leading European colonial powers. This time period saw many changes such a as the prominent part in the cultural Renaissance taking place in Europe, even the three changes of official religion.
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In 1492 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand issued the Alhambra Decree, which ordered the expulsion of all Jews from their kingdoms. With the months after this issue, Spanish Jews were forced to renounce their faith or leave their thousand-year homeland behind, while this happened the Spanish economy crumbled as thousands prepared to depart which liquidated the Spanish assets which led to a scramble to the arrangement of affairs. -
Commissioned by Pope Julius II, Michelangelo Buonarroti created the ceiling frescoes, most known as the Sistine Ceiling. One of Vatican City's most cherished possessions is this ceiling is most known as an extensive collection of Renaissance art that some of the most famous frescoes which were created some of the worlds most well-known artists in depicted in this ceiling. Michelangelo created one of the worlds most important paintings which tells many stories in distinct areas of the narrative. -
October 31, 1517 Martin Luther approached the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany and nailed a piece of paper that contained the 95 Theses which would ultimately begin the Protestant Reformation. In this these Luther had posted his frustration with the practice of the Roman Catholic Church which led to him writing the 95 Theses and because of his outbreak it was translated from Latin to German which was distributed widely, which led to the excommunication of Luther. -
As Martin Luther attended the Diet of Worms to answer the charges of heresy because he was excommunicated by the pope. As he attended the Diet of Worms he was told to recant his writings, but as he defied the Church and Pope became one of the most greatest pieces of oratory in world history. Due to his actions he was declared an outlaw and a heretic, but he was ultimately protected by powerful German princes. Luther significantly altered the Western Thought with his works and beliefs. -
A representation of Machiavelli's effort to provide a guide for political action based on lessons of history and own experiences were created and kept in " The Prince" by Machiavelli. Machiavelli had many beliefs which shocked many readers but had ultimately started Machiavellian which became a synonym for political maneuvers marked as cunning, duplicity, or bad faith. So in attempt Machiavelli helped offer a new political career after his death as that was one of the main reasons for The Prince -
Passed by Parliament, defined the right of Henry VII to be the supreme head on earth of the Church of England. Which thereby severed the ecclesiastical links with Rome. This severance helped establish a national Church under the monarchs Church which helped fuel Henry's desire for an annulment of his marriage to his first wife. This marked a pivotal movement in the English Reformation. Solidified by the Treason act it was made a crime to defy the kings authority. -
In this published art of Copernicus argued that the Sun was actually in the center rather than the Earth. This book had many reasons on why not to accept and not believe this claim as Ptolemaic astronomy, as it was a representation in the Epitome of Regiomontanus was not overly complex nor inaccurate. In this the claim by Copernicus was backed up as there was a vision of the universe as coherent and had an integrated system where planets moved together in elegant harmony. -
Most known as the Catholic Church's formal response to the Protestant Reformation it was held in three parts which ultimately responded to issues at hand and enacted the formal Roman Catholic answer to the doctrine challenge of known Protestants. This council was chastened but consolidated the church and papacy of Roman Catholicism of modern history. With that the council was important with the sweeping of decrees on self-reformation and the dogmatic definitions that clarified every doctrine.
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Peace of Augsburg was an ultimate treaty that ended religious conflicts between the Schmalkaldic League of Lutheran princes and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Which ultimately established the principle known as ciuus regio, eius religio "whose realm, his religion" allowed the ruler of each state within the Holy Roman Empire to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism as that persons official religion of that territory. As a step in religious settlement it excluded other Protestant sects. -
This massacre was plotted by Catherine de' Medici and was carried out by Roman Catholic nobles other citizens. The reason for this massacre was because there was an attempt on Admiral Coligny's life four days later wedding which failed after the marriage of Catherine's daughter and her Huguenot husband. Due to the thought of assassination attempt would uncover Catherine's true identity she met secretly to plot an extermination of the Huguenot leaders who were still in Paris for the wedding. -
The war of the Three Henry's was the eighth and final French War of Religion that was between 3 Men named Henry: King Henry III, Catholic Henry of Guise, and Protestant Henry of Navarre. This was due to a succession crisis after the king's brother died which led to Protestant Henry the heir to the throne - Catholic Henry opposed. Due to this conflict between the 3 Henry ending with an assassination of Henry of Guise and Henry III which led Henry of Navarre the heir to become King Henry IV
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The defeat of the Spanish Armada was defeated by combinations of effective English naval tactics which included the use of fire ships and more faster-reloading cannons, plus severe water conditions. This ultimately happened because King Philip II of Spain sought to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I (England ) to restore Catholicism and the stopping of English support for Dutch rebels which had religious politic tensions which in the favor of the Spanish Armada failed with England's victory. -
A decree by King Henry IV of France helped grant substantial rights to the Calvinist Protestants- Huguenots, which ended the French Wars of Religion. This Decree granted freedom of consciences, public worship ( certain areas ), and even helped provide civil rights with Catholicism remaining the national religion. This Decree was controversial but upheld Protestant freedom and ultimately established a special court for Protestants and Catholics for disputes that would arise from the edict.