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In 476 AD, the Roman Empire fell, ending nearly 1,000 years of stability in Europe.
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From 1095 to 1291, Europeans fought the Crusades, a series of wars over Jerusalem and to stop Turkish expansion.
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Europeans became very interested in spices from the East, which led to the growth of the Spice Trade.
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A major trade city was Constantinople, but in 1453 it was taken over by the Ottoman Empire, making trade routes unsafe.
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Christopher Columbus entered the story trying to find a new route to the Far East by sailing west.
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In 1492, Columbus reached the Western Hemisphere, believing he had found a new route to Asia.
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In 1607 Jamestown was founded by the Virginia COlonists.
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William T. Sherman (1820-1891), was born in Lanchester, Ohio. He was another major figure in the American Civil War (1861-1865), he's known for is campaign in the south where he destroyed railroads and absolutely DEVASTATED the Confederacy, this was called Sherman's March to the Sea.
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Ulysses S. Grant was a major figure during the American Civil War, he was born in 1822, and died in 1885. He was known for his major victories in his campaigns in the south, he grew up in Georgetown, Ohio.
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The Battles of Manassas, also known as the Battles of Bull Run, were 2 major battles during the American Civil War, they were both Confederate victories. THe Second Battle of Manassas was from August 28th-30th in 1862.
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The Seven Days' Battles were a series of six major battles between the Confederates and the Union. The campaign was to lead the COnfederates away from their capital, the Confederacy won the campaign, but with heavy losses.
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The Battle of Antietam lasted only 12 hours on a single day. It had an estimated 25,000 casualties, marking it as the single deadliest day in American history. It would be the second-to-last campaign in the Maryland Campaign.
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Jefferson Davis (1808-1889) was the first, and only president of the Confederate States of America, he was a major figure during the Civil War, he was arrested in 1865, May 10th, 1865. He was born in Kentucky.
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In 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9th, 1865. This marked the end of the deadliest war in American history, fighting continued into May, where the final Confederate forces in Texas were wiped out. Finally bringing the states back together.
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The Great War was a conflict spanning from 1914-1918. It saw one of the deadliest battles in history (or, British history)
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The Spark
The Assassination: On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austria-Hungary Empire) was assassinated in Sarajevo by Serbian Nationalists (the "Black Hand").
The Chain Reaction: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Because of secret alliances, Russia, Germany, France, and Britain were pulled into the fight almost immediately. -
In 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, backed by Germany, invaded Serbia.
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Japan joined the war in 1914, seizing German colonies in the Pacific.
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In 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers
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WWI was the first "industrialized" war, meaning new technology made it more dangerous than any previous conflict.
New Weapons: U-boats (submarines), machine guns, faster-firing rifles, and the use of railroads and telegraphs.
Trench Warfare: Soldiers fought from long, deep ditches. This led to a "stalemate" where neither side could move easily.
The Human Cost: Over 16 million people died during the war. -
The U.S. tried to stay neutral at first, but two major events changed everything:
The Sinking of the Lusitania: A German U-boat sank this British passenger ship in 1915, killing 128 Americans.
The Zimmermann Telegram: A secret message from Germany to Mexico. Germany asked Mexico to attack the U.S. to keep them out of Europe. The U.S. intercepted the message and declared war. -
Seeking Peace: Wilson’s 14 Points
In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson proposed a plan to ensure a war like this never happened again. Key ideas included:
No Secret Treaties: All agreements between countries must be public.
League of Nations: An international organization where countries could talk through their problems instead of fighting. -
The Armistice: Fighting stopped on November 11, 1918 (now honored as Veterans Day).
The Big Three: The leaders who decided the peace terms were David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Woodrow Wilson (USA).
The War Guilt Clause: Germany was forced to accept full blame for the war. They had to pay massive amounts of money and give up land.
A Future Warning: Because Germany felt punished and Japan felt offended during the peace talks.
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