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1947-1991: The Cold War
Every actor in between 1944-1980 was in power during the cold war.
-divides world into West vs East: USA(capitalist, democratic) vs USSR (communist, not democratic)
-climate of distrust, propaganda, espionage, arms race, threat of nuclear war
- never directly fought
Important for shaping Qb by sent supplies to the American military; exported its abundant natural resources (iron ore) SO American investment in Canada grew,
Slides 3,7 -
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1944-1959: Maurice Duplessis (Union Nationale) la grande noirceur
Maurice Duplessis was in power of qb as the premier. Major changes are
political: defend autonomy, refuse to give up power of bna, create new pro flag, introduced qb pro taxes, clericalism
economical: policy focus on foreign investment attract USA bussiness, modernize agri, rural development. private entreprise
social: anti unionist, supports employer, declare strikes illegal, bc church bad educ healthcare
important bc: modernized agri, electricity, rural dev, usa cad relations(s 9,10,12,14) -
1945: Act to Promote Rural Electrification
cause: dup want to be reelected, rural areas large percent of his voters, type of incentive, ensure farmer vote for him. wanted qb depend on properous agri sector, favourites rural pop
impact: now electricity and use of machinery in farms, dup was involed and the farmers. less labour and time to milk cow and agri process shorten
effect: eco change take less time and labour to milk cow so increase in production, more product to sell so more money leads to more eco rural stimulation. (p213 tb) -
Period: to
Baby boom
Dup was in power, Louis St. Laurent, William Lyon Mackenzie King. Major change: economically emerging consumer society, more purchasing power, credit more accessible, advertising new way to encourage buying
Society change:, decrease in infant mortality rate, increase in birthrate, demographic change 1/4 pop under 10
It was important to show large increase pop, urbanization expansion development, construction for roads, public buildings this contributed to modernization of QB -
1948: Adoption of the Fleurdelisé (Québec’s Flag)
cause: quebec want more autonomy, reaction goes along with maximizing qb autonomy like refuse give power in bna act, intro pro tax, keep fed out qb gov. dup wants to affirm identity demonstrate by adopt qb flag. effect :dup adopts flag fleurdelise as official flag of qb. dup gov involved, immediate outcome shows gov canada and rest of pop qb autonomy. impact: qb still has this flag, International connection show reste ove world qb autonomy and cultural pride
s10, p211, Sa pro auto p3 -
1949: Asbestos Strike
cause: Dup against union and strike conservative. anti-communist. supports employers. citizen began oppose him
effect: violent strikes erupted, brutally suppressed by police; miners wanted safer conditions, more $$, police, workers, dup involved. immidiate outcome strike stoped.
impact: qb now has strikes illigal, influence futur polices of not dup time when strikes and unions are legal, workers have better working condition. futur gov don't support dup gov.
(s 12, document of the Day #6). -
1950s: Rise of Americanism (Influence from the USA in Media & Culture)
Cause: 1950s more people have tvs in household, 1952 arrival of television. economic factor more consumer society more broadcasting on tv for American advertisement and culture
Effect: What happened as a direct result? Quebec is increasingly exposed to American culture. American shows where aired
Impact: Changes Quebec societal values like freedom, material comfort, individualism and economic success. economically more theatre are being opened new source of spending.
reflection p218,217. -
1954: Québec Introduces Provincial Income Tax
Cause: to have more fiscal provincial autonomy, ensure distribution of wealth bc dislike equalization. previous event with similar goal of autonomy reject subsidies form fed gov
effect: fed gov, dup gov where involved, dup implements QB citizen have to pay a provincial tax. immediate outcome fed gov has to reduce taxes it collects from QB
impact: Qb has more autonomy, modernization other politicians will follow and add similar policies to add autonomy to Qb in the futur
reflection p211 s10 -
The opening of the st-Lawrence seaway
cause: to meet needs of increasing trade between canada and America. before Dad and US gov signed agreement finance construction of this project 1954. and st-ls opened.
effect: Cad gov and Amer gov involved , transatlantic ships can access US and Cad ports.
impact: Qb now be changed economically bc now has proper infrastructure to have sustainable growing trade between other countries. international connection with US and countries across Atlantic ocean.
Reflectionp. 207, slide 8 -
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The Quiet Revolution 1960-1970
1960-1966 jean Lesage,1966-1968 Daniel Johnson,1963-1968 Lester Pearson
Social: health care, Office de la langue française, Cegeps created
economy: economic nationalism, lots of crown corporation, nationalizes electricity,
political: Official Languages Act, Parti Quebecois, keep economic ties with Cad and be a sovereignty-association
modernization of Qb bc a more educated society,
higher rate of unionization, neo-nationalism, no more clericalism, new parties
s:30,31,34,36,37, -
Period: to
1960-1966: Jean Lesage (Liberal Party of Québec)
In power jean Lesage premier of qb, prime minister of cad John Diefenbaker Lester B. Pearson. Major changes political: welfare state, interventionist, secularization. public acessible education public health care, create a crown corp, pension plans, promotes French languages
economy: economic nationalism, nationalized electricity hydro qb 1 crown corp,
Modernization of bc more educated, important things are more accessible for futur society better.
s 28-34 -
Nationalization of Electricity (Hydro-Québec Expands)
Cause: to maximize profits, standardize and reliable source to remote regions of electricity
Effect: result sustainable revenue and more job provided. Qb gov lesage liberal party constructs # large dams to harness hydroelectric. Gov takes over management of electricity sector by buying out all electricity companies merged them with Hydro-Quebec into 1 crown corporation.
Impact: influences the creation of more crown corp, low and stable electricity show Qc sucess
textbook p228, s31,41 -
🏛️ 1961: Creation of the Department of Cultural Affairs (dca)
Cause: Lesage gov wants to promote quebecois identity and culture, the dca was created to promotes Qbs development in arts
Effect: the Lesage gov was involved,
Impact: influenced futur creation like the office du film du Quebec and the musee d'art and the office de la langue francaise, more theaters and concert halls where built.Change Quebec identity by having more departments and institution to show QBs identity.
reflection p229, s34 -
Parent commission publishes the parent report
cause: to reform education to high quality public system for eduction to accessible to qb regardless region and social class, promote girls eduction
effect: the parent commission publish the first of its report, the report of the royal of inquiry ion eduction in the province of Qb
Impact: influenced futur policies creation of dep of eduction, comprehensive high school. shapes futur of Quebec making it more educated.
reflections p226 -
⚖️ 1964: Bill 16 – Married Women Gain Legal Independence (Led by Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain (MCKC))
Cause: women equality social issue in 60s, legal rights and abortion top feminist demands
Effect: what took place was that MCKC responsible for bill that allows marries women to carry out financial transaction, sign legal documents without husbands consent.
impact: influence futur things like the federation des femmes du QB and abortion permitted under certain condition and restrictions. Change Qb socially with growing # women attending university
reflection p250 -
📉 1965+: Birth Rate Drops in Québec
cause: women more present in labour market, birth control become more widespread
effect: choose not to have large families, can't look after large families anymore.
impact social: change in attitude and new values, having large family not at the top of values, change in demographic
reflection p240 -
Period: to
1970-1976: Robert Bourassa (Liberal Party of Québec)
Robert Bourassa (Liberal Party of Québec), 1968-1979 Pierre Elliott Trudeau ,1979-1980 Joe Clark were in power
major political change: Charter of human right and freedom all individual are equal
major social change: health care insurance act free medical service and care, adopts Bill 22 French only official language of QB
Economic change: hydroelectric development Baie James
important for modernization by strengthen french population, qb identity, health care more accessible
r p254,256 s 53, 47 -
Period: to
1970-1980: Arrival of Refugees from Vietnam, Laos, & Haiti
Robert Bourassa, René Lévesque, Pierre Elliott Trudeau
major change political: trudeau 1971 implementes policy promotes multiculturalisms that also supports of indigenous rights. 1978 levesque gov sign agreement quebec determine # and select immigrants wish to receive.
Social change: qc receive many Haitian refugee bc dictatorship and 8000 Vietnameses immigrant bc communist
Qb modernization now have more diverse francophone culture, multiculturalism is promoted.
reflection 267, slide 60 -
1971: James Bay Hydroelectric Project Announced
Cause: to stimulate Qbs economic growth
Effect: the bourrassa gov propose largest hydroelectric project in Qb history focusing on developing the potential of Baie-James in 1971.
Impact: futur events were first phased launched in 1973, completed 1986. 1975 James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement where Inuit and Cree sign with Quebec gov’t regarding protection of land, hunting and fishing rights and $$$ for hydro dev
reflection p255, s46 -
1973: First Oil Crisis Begins
Cause: war breaks out between arab countries and isreal. OPEC raises prices of oil to weaken western non-Arab countries that supported Israel, canada.
Effect: increase in oil price, oil shortage increase in transportation cost of oil
Impact: change Qb economically period economic instability, inflation reduced purchasing power.
reflections p259, slides 51 -
1974: Bill 22 – French as Québec’s Official Language
Cause: most immigrate settle into anglophones communities, this worried francophones wanted to reinforce french language
Effect: 1974 bill 22 is passed making french the only official language of Qb, limits access to english schooling. direct reaction francophones felt act inadequate want more protection french language, allophone and anglophone thought this was discriminatory
Impact: influence future events, Qc thought bill 22 should be amended, bill 101 put in place
r p263, 268 s53 -
The James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement
Hydroelectric projects in Baie-James threatened Indigenous territories, including hunting and fishing. The Québec government failed to consult, leading to legal proceedings and the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement. the agreement protects Inuit and Cree culture, establishes school boards, grants hunting and fishing rights, recognizes self-government, provides financial compensation, and allows hydroelectric construction in Québec's Far North.
Impact: recognizes cree right
r p 257, s 47,48 -
Period: to
1976-1985: René Lévesque (Parti Québécois)
René Lévesque, Pierre Elliott Trudeau Joe Clark were in power
major political change: hold referendum on Quebec sovereignty, pass act to govern the financing of political parties
Major social change: signs agreement with fed gov allow qb to select immigrants to receive, pass bill 101
economic: late 70s major economic downturn bc oil crisis in Iran and has effect Qb.
modernization of qb by creating charter of french lang, the political finance law and parti quebecois
r p266,267,270 s60,61 -
The protection of agricultural land
cause: growing outcry of urban expansion agglomeration is endangering the 2% of good agriculture land.
effect: this land increased in price value due to the potential good space for industries, houses and business. Many farmers had to shut down and sold thier land for high profit
impact, this influence the levesque gov to adopts the act respecting the preservation of agricultural land in 1978. Some of the fertile land was preserved for agriculture
refelction270 -
Second economic downturn
cause: oil crisis occurred in iran a major oil producer
effect: Levesque gov organizes first Qb economic summit
impact change qb economically: new wave of inflation, job losses in quebec, unemployment increases, raise taxes
impact: slowed economic growth, qb and Ottowa go into debt, influence futur debate about reducing service and size of gov and not good economy in the 80s
reflection p 271, slide 60