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1944-1959: Maurice Duplessis as Premier with Union Nationale
- Maurice Duplessis was the Premier of Quebec and William Lyon was the Prime minister of Canada.
- The Duplessis Era was known as the great darkness. Policies followed social conservation, clericalism and anti-Union. Education and health care were outdated. Baby boom, americanism and increase immigration occur, people protested Maurice Duplessis. The economy followed economic liberalism, the government modernized agriculture and try to control inflation. (Class slides, Prezi 3.1)
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1945-1960: Baby Boom
The baby boom happened during the Duplessis Era, it caused the natural population growth due to high birth rate after war and low infant mortality rate.
(Class Slides, Prezi 3.1) -
Asbestos Strike
Asbestos were negatively impacting workers health and causing deaths, the miners wanted safer conditions and more payment, so the strike erupted.
Maurice supported the employers and declared strikes illegal.
(Class Slides, Prezi 3.1) -
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1947-1991: The Cold War
- The cold war was a geopolitical struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union.
- It avoided direct military conflict, relying on proxy wars and ideological competition between capitalism and democracy vs. communism and authoritarianism. ( Class slides , Prezi 3.1)
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Adoption of the Fleurdelisé
The Duplessis government was eager to affirm Quebec's identity within Canada, it demonstrated this desire by inaugurating the official flag of Quebec in 1948.
(Reflections, p. 211) -
Refus Global Manifesto Published
Many artists and intellectuals were also opposed to the Duplessis government. In 1948, 15 young artists
published a manifesto entitled Refuse global. Their objective was to publicly protest against the social conservatism of the Duplessis government and the Catholic Church. They denounced the Church’s control over Québec society and held it responsible for what they considered to be Québec’s cultural lag.
(Reflection, p.216) -
Richard Riot
When Maurice Richard is suspended from playoffs for fighting in Montreal, the riot breaks out. It's seen as an injustice committed by anglophone NHL president against francophone Canadiens superstar
The event becomes associated with identity and tension between French- English. As results, Montreal street portals were attacked and people protested.
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1960-1970: The Quiet Revolution
Jean Lesage was the premier of Quebec and Lester B. Pearson was the prime minister of Canada. The Quiet Revolution was a period of rapid modernization of Canada. The government start taking responsibility to provide service to education and healthcare. Affirmation measures occur, and the union nationale took the place of social conservatism. In Quebec, Quebec Neo-Nationalism and cultural renaissance appeared.
(Class Slides, Prezi 3.2) -
Nationalization of Electricity (Hydro-Québec Expands)
In 1962, the Lesage government triggered elections by proposing the complete nationalization of electricity. The Québec state bought out the vast majority of the private electricity companies and merged them with Hydro-Québec. The state standardize electricity rates across the province. This Crown corporation generated substantial revenue and provided many jobs.
(Reflections, p. 228) -
The Laurendeau-Dunton Commision
In order to examined the state of bilingualism and biculturalism in Canada, this commission was established. They found that francophones had limited access to civil service jobs, which were dominated by Anglophones. Also, francophone minorities across Canada were less privileged than Anglophone minorities in Quebec.
This helps the government to see the inequality between francophones and anglophones, to make better policies on protecting Quebec culture and language.
(Class Slides, Prezi 3.2) -
hospital insurance program
1961, the Lesage government set up a hospital insurance program, in collaboration with the federal government. Under this program, Quebecers could be hospitalized at no cost. This program made treatment more accessible to people in Quebec.
(Reflection, p. 227) -
Creation of the Ministry of Education (Parent Report Recommendations)
In 1961, the Lesage government set up the “Parent Commission”. It recommended major reforms in education to create a high quality public system that would be accessible to people in all regions of Québec, regardless of their social class. It also recommended coeducation in order to promote girls’ education. Following the recommendations
in the Parent Report, the Lesage government created the Department of Education
in 1964.
(Reflections, p. 226) -
Birth Rate Drops in Québec
Starting in the 1960s, there was a major drop
in Québec’s birth rate. Women were increasingly present in the labour market and, could no longer look after large families. The use of the birth control pill was becoming more widespread; And as the change in attitudes and new dominant values, large families are no longer that important.
As results, the birth rate and natural population growth fell down.
(Reflections, p.240) -
Bird Repot - the Report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada
The federal government published the Report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada, commonly referred to as the “Bird Report” . This report revealed that, even though women had the same rights as men, they were still subjected to many injustices. Many feminist groups called for reforms, the mainly demands are related to pay equity, abortion, maternity leave and the establishment of child care services. This led to a higher equity of gender.
(Reflections, p. 260) -
Indian Policy Statement
It's a controversial policy proposal introduced by the federal government of The policy aimed to address the issues facing Indigenous peoples in Canada but was widely criticized for its assimilationist approach, as it sought to dismantle the unique legal status of Indigenous peoples and their rights under treaties. Indigenous groups mobilized to defend ancestral rights against federal attempts to remove them.
And it was finally cancelled in 1970.
(Class Slides, Prezi 3.2) -
October Crisis – FLQ Kidnappings & War Measures Act
The October Crisis of 1970 was a period of political turmoil in Quebec when the FLQ, a separatist group, kidnapped British diplomat James Cross and Quebec Minister Pierre Laporte (who was later killed), prompting Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to invoke the War Measures Act, leading to mass arrests and a military presence in the province. -
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1970-1976: Robert Bourassa (Liberal Party of Québec)
Premier of Quebec Robert Bourassa served as the 22nd Premier of Quebec (Liberal Party). During this time, Pierre Elliott Trudeau was the Prime minister of Canada. Bourassa was known for promoting economic development and modernization, expanding infrastructure, hydroelectric power projects, and boosting economy through industrialization. In this period, unions increasingly engaged in activism, PM Trudeau wanted full legal autonomy for Canada but finally failed.
(Class Slides, Prezi 3.3) -
Common Front
Relations between the unions and
governments became increasingly strained.
In 1972, Québec’s three major labour confederations formed a common front to throw more weight behind their negotiations with the government: 210 000 unionized workers from the
public and parapublic sectors declared an unlimited strike.
(Reflections, p. 259) -
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1973-1980: The Oil Crises & Economic Downturn
In October 1973, a war broke out between
a coalition of Arab countries and Israel. It put an end to the 30-year period of economic growth that followed the Second World War. Canada had to contend with an oil shortage and a sharp increase in the price of oil. Quebecers experienced a period of economic instability during which inflation reduced their purchasing power.
(Reflections, p. 259) -
James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA)
Inuit and Cree sign with Quebec. Recognized Indigenous land rights, granting self- governance and compensation for development. One of the reason is the geography location of the Inuit people are too far away, and the government wanted to establish a nice relationship between them.
(Class Slides, Prezi 3.3) -
Montreal Olympics
In 1976, the Olympics game was held in Montreal. The Games were supposed to cost $310 million, but the final price tag soared to $1.6 billion, largely due to corruption, mismanagement, and delays in constructing the Olympic Stadium. By 1979, Montreal and Quebec were still struggling to pay off the debt, which took 30 years to fully repay.
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1976-1985: René Lévesque (Parti Québécois)
René Lévesque was the premier of Quebec from 1976 to 1985. He was also the founder of the Parti Québécois. In this time, unions faced challenges to the governments, and so PQ introduced policies favorable to workers. The government establish rules to prevent favoritism. But in late 70s, economic downturned led to rising unemployment and inflation. This timespan improved workers' benefits and protected Qc autonomy by establish french as primary language.
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Bill 101 – The Charter of the French Language
The Lévesque government was aware of the concerns of Anglo-Quebecers with the adoption of the Charter of the French Language, and tried to reassure them. In 1977, the bill 101 was passed which established french as the primary language in government, business, and public life in Quebec. As results, many anglophones leaved Quebec for Ontario due to the restriction access to english school and the mandates french in public spaces.
(Class Slides, Prezi 3.3) -
Act to Govern the Financing of Political Parties
The Lévesque government established rules to prevent favoritism and bring greater transparency to political party financing. Under the act, the state assumed responsibility for a greater portion of the election expenses of political parties. Financing was restricted to citizens authorized to vote. Companies, unions and lobby groups could no longer make contributions to them. It ensures the fairness of political party finance.
(Class Slides, Prezi 3.3) -
Refugees
Quebec welcomed haitian refugees fleeing dictatorship and later Vietnamese refugees escaping communism in 1979. This shaped the diversity of the culture in Quebec.
(Class Slides, Prezi 3.3)