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Cause: Large portion of Duplessis voters live in rural areas causing Duplessi to adopt policies to modernize rural areas and farms
Effect: 1945 Rural Electrification Act passed causing farms to produce more
Impact: This act stimulated economic development in rural areas and famrs -
Prime minister Louis St. Laurent and premier Maurice Duplessis
Major changes: 1952 Immigration Act created that favours people from western Europe and America. Americanism becomes popular in Quebec. Start of a mass consumer society
Significance: This causes the population growth to increase due to natural increase and low infant mortality rate
(Class notes, A Changing and Evolving Society) -
Prime minister was Louis St. Laurent and premier was Maurice Duplessis for the majority of this period.
Major changes: 1968 Quebec Ministry of Immigration was created because Quebec was becoming more multi-cultural. There was a lot of xenophobia directed towards the immigrants from the Quebecers. French language was pushed towards the immigrants in order to make it the new language of business. This gave Quebec greater autonomy as a province
(Reflections, p. 219 and 231) -
Prime Minister Trudeau and premier Maurice Duplessi in power. 1944-1959 Duplessi wins 4 elections with his party the Union Nationale. Major exports from Canada to the USA during the cold war which strengthens Canada's economy. The cold war shaped Quebec by strengthening the relationship between the USA and Canada.
(Reflections, p. 206) -
Cause: Duplessi government is eager to affirm Quebec's identity
Effect: Duplessi government introduces the flag of Quebec in 1948 which provides greater autonomy
Impact: Quebec continues to further affirm it's provincial autonomy
(Reflections, p. 211) -
Cause: Growing workers concern of workplace health and safety
Effect: 5000 miners in Thetford Mines and Asbestos go on strike in 1949
Impact: Duplessi supports employers and declares strike illegal
(Reflections, p. 216) -
Cause: Feminist demands for accessibility to contraception
Effect: Birth control pill approved in 1957 and decriminalization of contraception in 1969
Impact: Birth rate decreases
(Reflections, p. 205) (Class Slides, p. 42) -
Cause: Duplessi passes away which causes Jean Lesage to be elected as premier in 1960
Effect: Quebecers become more supported by the government due to Lesage introducing the welfare state
Impact: Jean Lesage greatly impacts Quebec because he popularizes hydroelectricity as the main source of power
(Class notes, The Emergence of a Welfare State) -
The start of a consumer society and advertisements on television prompted the rise of Americanism. This causes Quebecers to be exposed to American culture in mass since it was displayed in the media. This impacted Canadian values and socially changed what people wanted. -
Prime Minister Trudeau and premier Jean Lesage
Major changes:
Political- The Parti Québécois (PQ) created in 1968
Social- 1961 Ministère des Affaires culturelles du Québec
Economic- 1966 Quebec Pension Plan
Significance- It shaped Quebec by helping it create it's own identity and become less tied to the church with secularism being popularized
(Personal Notes, Affirmation Measures) -
Cause: Government buys out all electric companies and merges them into Hydro-Quebec
Effect: Dams built to ensure electricity everywhere even to remote regions
Impact: New jobs and reliable electricity accessible to everyone
(Class slides, p. 31) -
Cause: The Parent Reports recommendations
Effect: First CEGEP opened in 1967 and Université du Québec in 1968
Impact: More higher education options for students and improves the quality of training and performance in jobs
(Reflections, p. 231) -
Cause: The Parent Commission pushes for education to be better
Effect: Access to all levels of education is increased
Impact: Quebec's education system is modernizing by becoming more accessible and democratic
(Reflections, p. 226) -
Cause: Feminists push for women to be allowed to carry out legal transactions without their husbands permission
Effect: Women gained the same legal and property rights as men
Impact: A step towards equality between men and women
(Reflections, p.250) -
Cause: Women are more present in labour market and the use of birth control becomes more popular
Effect: Women did not have time to look over large families anymore and could choose if they wanted children or not
Impact: With not as much importance placed on large families, the birth rate started to decline
(Reflections, p. 240) -
Cause: The Quiet Revolution causes Quebecers to become more open to the world
Effect: The World's Fair Expo 67 takes place from April to October 1967 in Montreal
Impact: Offers Quebecers to discover the culture and identity of the countries represented there
(Reflections, p. 234) -
Cause: Arrival of immigrants who pick up English instead of French
Effect: Bill 63 introduces French as a second-language course in Anglophone schools and sought the integration of immigrants into Francophone schools
Impact: Francophones found the bill lacking and were unhappy, the bill was later repealed and replace by Bill 22
(Reflections, p. 232) -
Cause: Recommended by the Commission of Inquiry on Health and Social Welfare
Effect: Bourassa government adopted the Health Insurance Act which expanded free health care services
Impact: Through medicare, all Quebecers could now access free medical services.
(Reflections, p. 254) -
Cause: Radicalized nationalists from the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ)
Effect: FLQ kidnaps James Cross and Pierre Laporte in October 1970. Trudeau creates War Measures Act which allows government to take exceptional measures to bring the situation under control.
Impact: Pierre Laporte found dead and his abductors are arrested and sent to Cuba. FLQ falls into obscurity over the years
(Reflections, p. 258) -
Cause: Arab-Israeli war breaks out
Effect: To weaken non-Arab countries who support Israel, OPEC raises oil prices
Impact: Western economic growth stagnates due to oil shortage. Quebec enters period of economic instability
(Class slides, p. 51) -
Prime minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau and then Joe Clark were in power. Premiers in power were Robert Bourassa and then René Lévesque. In 1973 Arab-Israeli war breaks out which causes OPEC to raise oil prices to weaken the countries that supported Israel. This causes western economic growth to stagnate. Caused Quebec to have a period of inflation, reduced purchasing power, and economic instability. (Class slides, Slide 51)
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Cause: Many immigrants integrate into Anglophone communities because learning english offered greater opportunities. Quebecers become worried about presence of French language in Quebec
Effect: Bill 22 passed which makes French the only official language of Quebec and limits access to english schooling
Impact: Presence of French language brought back
(Reflections, p. 263) -
Cause: Indigenous peoples land flooded, communities displaced, and traditional hunting and fishing grounds impacted
Effect: JBNQA protects Indigenous fishing and hunting rights and compensates Indigenous communities
Impact: Turning point for economic modernization because of hydroelectricity
(Class Notes, Hydroelectric Development) -
Cause: The arrival of immigrants promoted anglicization which worried Quebecers
Effect: This law preserved french language by making it the only officially recognized language in Quebec
Impact: Many anglophones left Quebec
(Reflections, p. 268) -
Cause: Another oil crisis causes reduction of world supply of oil
Effect: High rate of inflation causes businesses to look for cheaper countries to save labour costs
Impact: High rate of unemployment causes economic growth to slow and tax lose for government. Government goes into debt.
(Reflections, p. 271) (Class Slides, p. 60)