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The Estates-General, composed of representatives from the First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility), and Third Estate (the lower classes), meet at Versailles. They are immediately divided over the issue of whether to count by head or to give each estate equal votes. -
The dispute over votes in the Estates-General leads deputies of the Third Estate to declare themselves the National Assembly. Along with some members of the clergy, they threaten to proceed without the other two estates.
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Royal officials lock the National Assembly out of their regular meeting hall; members of the assembly occupy the king’s indoor tennis court. They take what comes to be known as the Tennis Court Oath, promising not to disperse until they give France a new constitution. -
King Louis XVI relents and urges the other two estates to join the assembly, which takes the official title of National Constituent Assembly. The king, however, begins to gather troops with the intention of dispersing the body. -
Amid the Great Fear of July 1789, when Parisians were panicked about the possibility of the aristocracy overthrowing the Third Estate, a large crowd seizes the Bastille prison, which is a symbol of royal tyranny. -
Robespierre is overthrown in the National Convention. He is executed the next day, signaling the end of the Reign of Terror. Soon after, the National Convention is dissolved, making way for a government consisting of a five-person Directory and a bicameral legislature.
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The National Constituent Assembly introduces the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, a document that shares Enlightenment influences with the Declaration of Independence. The king refuses to sanction it, resulting in Parisians marching to Versailles and forcing the royal family back to Paris.
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The National Constituent Assembly introduces the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, a document that shares Enlightenment influences with the Declaration of Independence. The king refuses to sanction it, resulting in Parisians marching to Versailles and forcing the royal family back to Paris.
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France declares war on Austria. For the next seven years, the hostilities known as the French Revolutionary wars continue between France and various European powers.
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A new assembly, the National Convention, meets, abolishes the monarchy, and establishes a republic. -
Louis XVI, judged by the convention, is executed for treason.
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During the Reign of Terror, a period during which radical elements of the government enact harsh measures against those they consider enemies, Marie-Antoinette is executed by guillotine. The Reign of Terror is overseen by Maximilien Robespierre.
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Robespierre is overthrown in the National Convention. He is executed the next day, signaling the end of the Reign of Terror. Soon after, the National Convention is dissolved, making way for a government consisting of a five-person Directory and a bicameral legislature. -
Military leader Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the Directory and declares himself first consul, or leader, of France. He is later named emperor.