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Gandhi
A pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He pioneered satyagraha. This is defined as resistance to tyranny through mass civil resistance - a term which Gandhi used in many of his statements and writings. His philosophy was firmly founded upon ahimsa (nonviolence). -
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Mao Zedong and Maoism
An anti-Revisionist form of Marxist communist theory, derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader Mao Zedong (1893–1976). Developed during the 1950s and 1960s, it is widely applied as the political and military guiding ideology in the Communist Party of China from Mao's ascendancy to its leadership until the party was taken over by Deng Xiaoping, who implemented Deng Xiaoping Theory and Chinese economic reforms in 1978. -
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Juan Peron
An Argentine military officer, and politician. Perón was three times elected as President of Argentina though he only managed to serve one full term, after serving in several government positions, including the Secretary of Labor and the Vice Presidency. He would return to run for the presidency a third term in 1973 and served for nine months, until his death in 1974. Perón was succeeded by his wife and Vice President of Argentina María Estela Martínez. -
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WWI
A major war centred on Europe that began in the summer of 1914 and lasted until November 1918. It involved all of the world's great powers. assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. -
Russian Revolution
The collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. The Tsar was deposed and replaced by a provisional government in the first revolution of February 1917. In the second revolution, during October, the Provisional Government was removed and replaced with a Bolshevik government. -
Wilson's 14-Point Plan
A speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. People in Europe generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but his Allied colleagues were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism. -
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League of Nationa
An intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended World War I, and it was the precursor to the United Nations. The League was the first permanent international security organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. -
Treaty of Versaille
One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. -
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Stalin's 5-Year Plans
A series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. The plans were developed by a state planning committee based on the Theory of Productive Forces that was part of the general guidelines of the Communist Party for economic development. -
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Great Depression
A severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. -
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WWII
A global military conflict which involved most of the world's nations, including all of the great powers: eventually forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million military personnel mobilised. -
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Chinese Civil War
A civil war fought between the Kuomintang, the governing party of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China, for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of China. -
Creation Of Pakistan
The Indian Independence Act was the statute enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom promulgating the partition of India and the independence of the dominions of Pakistan and India. -
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Cold War
The continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States and its allies. Although the chief military forces never engaged in a major battle with each other, they expressed the conflict through, proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, conventional and nuclear arms races, appeals to neutral nations, and technological competitions such as the Space Race. -
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Indian Independence
On 3 June 1947, the last British Governor-General of India, announced the partitioning of the British Indian Empire into India and Pakistan. On 14 August, Pakistan was declared a separate nation from them. On 15 August, India became an independent nation. Violent clashes between Hindus and Muslims followed. The Constituent Assembly completed the work of drafting the constitution on 26 November 1949, and on 26 January 1950 the Republic of India was officially proclaimed. -
NATO
An intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. Still active today. -
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Korean War
A military conflict between South Korea and North Korea. The war was a result of the physical division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. -
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Warsaw Pact
The treaty was a mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight communist states in Eastern Europe. It was established at the USSR’s initiative and realized on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw. In the Communist Bloc, the treaty was the military analogue of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, the communist European economic community. The Warsaw Treaty was the Soviet Bloc’s military response to West Germany’s May 1955 integration to the NATO Pact, per the Paris Pacts of 1954. -
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Vietnam War
A Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The Viet Cong, a lightly armed South Vietnamese communist-controlled common front, largely fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. -
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Great Leap Forward
An economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China, reflected in planning decisions, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of agriculturalization, industrialization, and collectivization. -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
An unsuccessful action by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, with support and encouragement from the US government, in an attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. The invasion was launched in April 1961, less than three months after John F. Kennedy assumed the presidency in the United States. The Cuban armed forces, trained and equipped by Eastern Bloc nations, defeated the invading combatants within three days. -
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The Berlin Wall
A barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and Berlin. The Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. However, in practice, the Wall served to prevent massive emigration and defection. -
Cuban Missle Crisis
A confrontation among the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War. After some unsuccessful operations by the U.S. to overthrow the Cuban regime the Cuban and Soviet governments began to surreptitiously build bases in Cuba for a number of medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles with the ability to strike most of the continental United States. -
Helsinki Accords
The final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland. Thirty-five states, including the USA, Canada, and all European states except Albania and Andorra, signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. -
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Islamic Revolution (Iran)
The overthrow of Iran's monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution. -
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Iran-Iraq War
an armed conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran. It was the longest conventional war of the twentieth century. war began when Iraq invaded Iran, launching a simultaneous invasion by air and land into Iranian territory following a long history of border disputes, and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long-suppressed Shia majority influenced by the Iranian Revolution. -
Tiananmen Square
A series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in Beijing in the People's Republic of China beginning on 15 April 1989. The movement used mainly non-violent methods and can be considered a case of civil resistance. Led mainly by students and intellectuals, the protests occurred in the year that was to see the collapse of a number of communist governments in eastern Europe. -
German Reunification
The process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz constitution Article 23. -
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USSR Disintegrates
The dissolution of the Soviet Union was a process of systematic disintegration, which occurred in its economy, social structure and political structure. It resulted in the destruction of the Soviet Federal Government and independence of the USSR's republics. The process was caused by weakening of the Soviet government, which led to disintegration. The process was characterized by many of the republics of the Soviet Union declaring their independence and being recognized as sovereign nation-state -
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Nelson Mandela
Served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, and was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress. -
September 11, 2001
a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners.[2][3] The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both towers collapsed within two hours, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others.