Umayyads By Abubakr Hashmi 750 BCE The Battle of the Great Zab leads to the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate 718 BCE Failed siege of Constantinople by the Umayyads 714 BCE Conquest of Spain by Umayyad forces, marking the expansion into Europe 692 BCE Completion of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, an architectural marvel 680 BCE Yazid I becomes caliph, and the Battle of Karbala occurs, leading to the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali 661 BCE Muʿāwiyah emerges victorious over ʿAlī at the end of the civil war and establishes himself as the first Umayyad caliph 656 BCE Uthmān ibn ʿAffān, the third caliph to rule after the death of Muhammad, is murdered by Egyptian rebels 627 BCE The Umayyads, headed by Abū Sufyān, convert to Islam after initial resistance