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Rebellion of Barons against King John's for his abuse of taxes and power.
- Regulation of feudal obligations
- King forced to take advices
- Imprisonment without trial - prohibited. -
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Reign of the Tudor family.
- Henry VII
- Henry VIII
- Edward VI
- Jane I
- Mary I
- Elizabeth I -
1509 - 1547
Son of Henry VII, he became King at the age of 17.
During his reign, he separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. (- schism)
He wasn't a devout Catholic and had 6 wives.
The three of his children reigned after him : Edward, Mary and Elizabeth. -
“Be It enacted, by authority of this present Parliament, that the king, our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called Anglicans Ecclesia” Henry VIII broke with the Pope over his divorce with Catherine of Aragon, and then he proclaimed himself head of the Church of England. -
1553-1558
Mary I, Henry VIII's daughter, restored catholicism.
- Protestants were burned, forced to hide (200 protestants)
- Marian exiles : protestants fled to continent to escape her reign.
- Schism -
Elizabeth I stabilised the Church of England after her dad.
She expanded England's influence over the world (foreign policy).
She also reinforced the Independence of England. -
Mary I died and Elizabeth came onto the throne.
- Protestant : had to appease religious tension (25y)
- Economic mesures needed to save country
She governed without getting married for 45 years : always had to prove her legitimacy as a Queen.
Also, her reign was associated with the "Golden Age" of the country. -
1542 - 1587
The Queen of Scots was the daughter of King James V and Mary de Guise.
In 1568, she was involved in a Civil War in Scotland and had to flee in England - she was virtually a prisoner for 19 years (shelter granted by Elizabeth) In 1587, she was executed : accused of complicity in a plot to kill Elizabeth. The day of her execution, she wore a bight red dress - colour of catholics martyr. -
Queen Elizabeth of England died.
It was the union of England and Scotland BUT still had different parliaments.
- James I of England and IV of Scotland
Later in 1707 : Parliamentary Union, Scotland got their representation at Westminster Parliament. -
Succeed the War of Roses, the reign of the Stuart family :
- James I (divine right)
- Charles I
- Charles II
- James II
- Mary II William III -
1642-1649
Between ROYALISTS and PARLIAMENTARIANS (led by Oliver Cromwell), under King Charles I.
Led by Oliver Cromwell, which resulted in him getting named Lord Protector in 1653. -
King Charles I was found guilty of treason and tyranny.
- Governed for 11 years without a Parliament and abused his power on them by dismissing it.
- Illegal taxes to finance the war.
Thus, he was sentenced to death and was beheaded. -
Charles II restored the Monarchy, then James II came onto the throne in 1685 since Charles II had no heir.
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"Bloodless" : overthrown of James II
- MPs invited his daughter and her husband to overthrown her dad.
- James II fled to France -
1689 : Mary II and William of Orange pleaded allegiance.
The authors are the members of the Westminster Parliament.
- Old English
- The king's powers are limited, shared with the Parliament.
- Agreement of the Parliament necessary : laws (standing army, freedom of speech, taxes)
- The right to organise an election without the King's approval.
- Guaranteed arms, weapons (anything for defence) to Protestants. -
Birth of UK of Great Britain and Ireland
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A movement to reunite both Ireland : 30 years of sectarian violence, civil violence.
The main problem was the physical border between Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland, it was unacceptable for them to be separated physically. it led to violence such as bombings, terrorists attacks in N-I. -
The Troubles ended on the "Good Frida Agreement", which is a religious day before Easter Day : they suppressed the border but it was replaced by a custom check because of the Brexit. -
The Brexit was a shocked in the European Union.
48% - remain (Scotland, N-I, London)
52% - leave (England, Wales)
- big deal : British economy, exchange of products There was a second referendum in which Scotland asked for its Independence but they remained at 62% in the UK.
56% in N-I voted "remain" and now, the catholic support for reunification is higher.