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Integrative CALL combines language skills -listening, speaking,reading and writing-into a comprehenive learning process by incorporating relevant technologies. This approach is based on the principles of constructivism and sociocultural theory(Stepp-Greany,2022). -
The history of education in ELT refers to the development and evolution of teaching practices,methodologies, policies and so on.
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The earliest form of CALL emerged alongside the development of mainframe computers in the 1950s. At the time, behaviorism a leading psychological theory, heavily influenced machine-based learning programs.
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From this perspective, language teaching and learning were seen as a form of conditioning, where students were trained to produce specific responses to certain stimuli, reflecting the stimulus-response theory. To effectively utilize machines in human learning, specific computer languages were developed. -
CALL is described as a langauge learning process where learners utilize computers to enhance their language skills(Beatty, 2003). In thid context, the term 'computer'encompasses all forms of technology that effectively support teaching and learning, not just desktop computers. -
The introduction of cognitive and humanistic psychology into English Language Teaching (ELT) resulted in the development of communicative language teaching, which aimed to enhance learners' communicative competence. Meanwhile, personal computers (PCs) were introduced to the market and quickly gained widespread popularity. -
Educational technology can assist language learners in developing their litening, speaking, reading, and writing skills (Stinson & Claus, 2000), and can enhance communication abilities through computer-supported group interactions (Bourdon, 19999. -
In the contemporary era, advancements in ICT tools, along with the development of 3D graphics and educational computer games, have transformed language teaching. -
Rahimi, M. (2007). English a a foreign language.
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