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Gregorian chant is a type of liturgical chant characterized by its simplicity, monodic nature, and defined text, used in the liturgy of the Catholic Church. This style of chanting, which dates back to the 6th century, was organized by Pope St. Gregory the Great and is considered an acoustic expression of the Latin rite. In addition, Gregorian chant is often used as a synonym for plainchant, and its music is subordinate to the liturgical text. -
Guido d'Arezzo was an 11th-century Italian Benedictine monk and music theorist, known for his innovations in musical notation that laid the foundations for modern music. -
Hildegard of Bingen was a German Benedictine abbess, mystic, and polymath, renowned for her work in various fields such as music, philosophy, medicine, and theology. She is known as one of the most important composers of sacred music of her time and is considered the mother of natural history. -
Bernart de Ventadorn, also known as Bernard de Ventadorn, was a prominent 12th-century poet and troubadour from the Aquitaine region of what is now France. He is considered one of the most important troubadours of his time, known for his trobar leu style, characterized by its simple diction and treatment of courtly love. -
Léonin, also known as Leonín, was a prominent composer of liturgical music in the 12th century, associated with the Notre Dame School in Paris. He is recognized as one of the first composers of polyphonic organum, along with his contemporary Pérotin. His musical legacy has had a significant impact on the history of liturgical composition. -
Perotin, also known as Pérotin the Great, was a prominent medieval French composer. He is considered one of the leading exponents of the Notre Dame School, where he began to develop the polyphonic style. -
Ars antiqua, also known as Ars veterum or Ars vetus, refers to the medieval music of Europe from approximately 1170 to 1310, particularly during the period of the Notre Dame School. This style is characterized by complex counterpoint and is often associated with the motet, a form of polyphonic music. The term is used in opposition to Ars nova, which emerged later in the 14th century, marking a shift towards more complex musical techniques and notation.
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Alfonso X the Wise was a king of Castile and León in the 13th century, known for his great interest in music and his court as an important cultural center. His musical legacy includes the creation of the Cantigas de Santa María, a collection of songs that reflects the music of the time and the influence of the troubadours. -
Guillaume de Machaut (also known as Machault) was a 14th-century French poet and composer, born around 1300 in Reims. He is considered one of the leading exponents of Ars Nova, a musical movement that revolutionized polyphonic composition. Machaut is famous for his Messe de Nostre Dame, the first known polyphonic mass composed by a single author, and for his contribution to lyric poetry in the French language. -
Ars Nova is a term that refers to a musical period that flourished mainly in France and Italy during the 14th century. This style is characterized by secular polyphony, which allowed for the creation of more complex and elaborate works, and is distinguished by innovations in musical notation and musical structure.
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Francesco Landini was an Italian composer, poet, singer, organist, and instrument maker, considered the most important musician of the Trecento and one of the great exponents of Italian ars nova. -
Johannes Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and creator who invented movable type printing in the mid-15th century, a milestone that revolutionized the dissemination of knowledge by enabling the mass production of books. His most famous work is the Gutenberg Bible, the first major book printed in Europe using this technology, which laid the foundations for the Reformation and the Renaissance. -
Juan de Fermoselle, better known as Juan del Encina—in the current spelling of his name—or Juan del Enzina—in the spelling of the time—was a poet, musician, and playwright of the Spanish Renaissance during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs. -
Martin Luther was a 16th-century German theologian, Augustinian friar, and religious reformer who initiated the Protestant Reformation. His main criticism was directed at the sale of indulgences, arguing that salvation could only be achieved through faith and God's grace, not through works or payments. -
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He was a priest and one of the most important composers of the Spanish Renaissance, noted for his polyphonic religious music. He was the leading representative of the Andalusian polyphonic school, and his fame spread throughout Europe and even reached the New World. His most famous works include his Requiem for Five Voices, and he was known as the “light of Spain in music.” -
Antonio de Cabezón was a Spanish Renaissance organist, harpist, and composer, considered one of the greatest of his time for keyboard instruments. He was blinded as a child but developed a great musical sensitivity, becoming a chamber musician for Charles V and Philip II. His work was published by his son Hernando after his death, under the title Obras de música para tecla, arpa y vihuela (Works of Music for Keyboard, Harp, and Vihuela). -
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (c. 1525–1594) was an Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music, considered one of the greatest exponents of religious music and the Roman School. He was born in Palestrina, near Rome, and spent most of his career working in Rome, holding positions as chapel master in places such as the Giulia Chapel and the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. -
Orlando di Lasso was a Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance, considered one of the most influential musicians of the 16th century alongside Palestrina and Victoria. He was a prolific, multilingual composer who wrote more than 2,000 works in all genres of the period, both sacred and secular. -
Andrea Gabrieli was an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance. Uncle of the perhaps more famous composer Giovanni Gabrieli, he was the first internationally renowned member of the Venetian School of composers. He had a great influence on the spread of the Venetian style in both Italy and Germany. -
She was an Italian composer, lute player, and singer of the late Renaissance. She was the first female composer to have an entire volume of her music printed and published in the history of Western music. -
Tomás Luis de Victoria was a priest, chapel master, and one of the most important polyphonic composers of the Spanish Renaissance. His work focused exclusively on sacred music, and he is recognized for his expressive and innovative style that foreshadowed the Baroque period. -
He was an Italian composer and organist, born and died in Venice. One of the most influential musicians of his time, he represents the culmination of the Venetian school, marking the transition from Renaissance to Baroque music. -
He was an influential Italian composer, singer, and choir director, considered a key figure in the transition from Renaissance to Baroque music. He is credited with creating the first opera, L'Orfeo, and is recognized for revolutionizing music by prioritizing the expression of human emotions through musical innovation. His work spanned both secular and sacred music, and he was choirmaster at St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice. Translated with DeepL.com (free version) -
Carlo Gesualdo was a prince, Italian composer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods, and an enigmatic figure known as much for his music as for his violent biography. He was the murderer of his first wife and her lover, and his music, characterized by extreme use of chromaticism and dissonance, was ahead of its time and was rediscovered and praised for its modernity in the 20th century. -
He was an influential Italian Baroque composer, a prominent member of the Roman School, and considered one of the fathers of the modern oratorio. He was chapel master in Assisi and, from 1628, at the church of San Apollinare in Rome until his death. His most important works are his oratorios and chamber cantatas, which helped define the structure of the Baroque oratorio and cantata. -
fue una cantante y compositora italiana del Barroco, nacida en Venecia. Hija ilegítima del poeta Giulio Strozzi, recibió una excelente educación musical, probablemente con Francesco Cavalli, y se convirtió en una de las pocas mujeres que publicaron sus composiciones profesionalmente. A lo largo de su vida, publicó ocho volúmenes de música, principalmente cantatas y arias profanas, y tuvo más música secular impresa que cualquier otro compositor de su tiempo. -
He was an Italian luthier from Cremona, considered the most famous and influential maker of stringed instruments in history. His surname, Latinized to “Stradivarius,” is used to refer to the violins, violas, cellos, and guitars he created, which are world-renowned for their exceptional sound quality and meticulous craftsmanship. -
Henry Purcell was a 17th-century British Baroque composer, considered the greatest English composer of all time. Famous for incorporating elements of French and Italian styles into his own unique English style of music, he composed a wide variety of works, including operas such as Dido and Aeneas, hymns, cantatas, and instrumental music. -
He was an influential Baroque composer, violinist, and Catholic priest from Venice, best known for his work “The Four Seasons.” His nickname was “Il prete rosso” (The Red Priest) due to his red hair and priesthood. He was a prolific composer who wrote hundreds of concertos, operas, and sacred music, and his musical style influenced all of Europe. -
He was a German Baroque composer considered one of the most prolific musicians in history, with more than 3,000 catalogued works and great success in his lifetime, even eclipsing his contemporaries Bach and Handel. He was self-taught and mastered several instruments, and his cosmopolitan style incorporated influences from across Europe, writing in all musical genres of his time, including operas, sacred music, and chamber music. -
Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organist of the Baroque period, considered one of the most important musicians in history. He was born in 1685 in Eisenach, and his work encompasses a wide variety of genres, including cantatas, concertos, fugues, and organ works. He was renowned for his virtuosity on the keyboard and his profound musical technique, and his legacy is a pinnacle of Baroque music that has influenced countless later composers. -
fue un influyente compositor barroco nacido en Alemania que se nacionalizó inglés y vivió la mayor parte de su vida en Londres. Destacó en la ópera y el oratorio, adaptando su música para satisfacer al público, no solo a la nobleza. Entre sus obras más famosas se encuentran El Mesías, Música acuática y varias óperas italianas como Julio César.