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WWI
Started with assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. Conflicts due to alliances--German Empire, Austro-Hungary Empire, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, British Empire, France, Italy, and US. League of Nations was formed. Germany humiliated with Treaty of Versailles. -
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Mohandas Gandhi
Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. Was a leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. He appealed to the poor, led nonviolent demonstrations against British colonial rule, and was jailed many times. Soon after independence he was assassinated (shot in the chest 3 times) for attempting to stop Hindu-Muslim rioting. -
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Russian Revolution
A series of revolutions that destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Feburary Revolution (in March)-last Tsar abdicated and members of the Imperial parliament took control forming the Provisional Government. While the Provisional Government was busy fighting with Germany, the Bolsheviks (socialist) built up their army, the Red Guards. In the October Revolution (in Nov) the Bolsheviks lead by Lenin overthrew the gov. Civil war between Bol and anti-Bol. USSR. -
Wilson's 14-Point Plan
A speech by the US President Woodrow Wilson. Was a plan world peace and to prevent another World War. Included: not secret alliances, freedom of the seas, reduced trade barriers, reduction of armaments, Germany gets out of lands it had taken over, a league of nations, etc. -
Treaty of Versailles
Peace treaty at end of WWI. End war between Germany and Allies. Germany was forced to accept responsibility of war, to disarm, and pay a lot of money to the Allies. Left Germany very weak. -
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League of Nations
An international peace organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended WWI. Tried to mantain world peace. It aimed to prevent war through collective security, disarmament, and settle international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Didn't have own forces so relied on Great Powers to enforce its resolutions. -
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Stalin's 5-Year Plans
First Plan (1928-33)-collectivization of agriculture to facilitate rapid industrialization. Needed to get rid of "kulak" class (land-owning)-destruction caused famine and millions of deaths. USSR became leading industrial nation.
Second Plan (1933-37)-gave heavy industry top priority. -
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Great Depression
A severe worldwide economic despression before WWII. Started with the stock market crash of 1929. Unemployment dramatically rose-up to 25% in the US. Ended when WWII stared--war is good for the economy. -
Hitler Comes To Power
Becomes Chancellor of Germany but then makes it a dictatorship. Failed at a coup d'etat and was jailed before this. While in jail he wrote Mein Kampf. -
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WWII
Global conflict--Allies vs Axis. Marked by events of mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust. Started with the invasion of Poland by Germany. Germany wanted a large empire in Europe. Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor. UN formed. -
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Mao Zedong
Leader of the Chinese Communist Party. He led the Communists on the Long March and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China . After World War II, he led the Communists to victory over the Guomindang. He ordered the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Maoism is a form of Marxist communist theory. Was the political and military guiding ideology of the Communist Party. -
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Cold War
The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States almost came to war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. Came to an end when the USSR dissolved in 1991. -
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Chinese Civil War
Fought between the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party), the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China. Chiang Kai-shek lead nationalists and Mao Zedong lead communists. End results: communist victory and nationalists relocate to Taiwan. ROC officially ended war in 1991. -
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Juan Perón
A president of Argentina (1946–1955, 1973–1974). He was a military officer that championed the rights of labor. He was helped by his wife Eva Duarte Perón to win election. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor, but harmed the economy. -
Creation of Pakistan
India split up into India and East and West Pakistan because of religions. Pakistan-Muslim. India-Hindu. A lot of violence, especially over Kashmir. East Pakistan later became Bangladesh. -
Indian Independence
Independence from Britain. Nonviolent civil protest by Gandhi helped. The British were planning on giving them independence but quicked the date when Hindu-Muslim violence broke out. -
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization was as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies. It is still operating. -
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Korean War
Conflict between North (USSR-Communist) and South (US-Capitalist) Korea. After Japan lost Korea after WWII, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel. Started when North invaded South. -
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Warsaw Pact
A treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the NATO. -
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Vietnam War
Conflict between North (communist) and South (anti-communist, US) Vietnam. Guerilla warfare. US aided South to stop spread of communism. -
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Great Leap Forward
An economic and social campaign by the Communist Part of China. It was supposed to use China's huge population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of agriculturalization, industrialization, and collectivization. -
Bay of Pigs
An unsuccessful 3-day action by CIA-trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro. John F. Kennedy was president at this time. -
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Berlin Wall
A wall constructed by Russian Berlin to separate east and west Berlin. Stopped most emigration. Symbolized the Iron Curtain between the East and West. The fall of the wall paved the way for German Reunification. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
A month-long brink-of-war confrontation between the US and the USSR over the USSR’s placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. -
Helsinki Accords
Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries. It attempted to improve relations between the West and the Communist bloc. -
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Islamic Revolution (Iran)
Overthrew monarchy and established Islamic republic. It was unusual and surprising: it replaced a modernising monarchy with a theocracy. -
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Iran-Iraq War
Began when Iraq invaded Iran to replace Iran as dominant Persian Gulf state after years of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency. Ended with UN ceasefire. -
Tiananmen Square
Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness through civil resistance. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military and many died. -
Reunification of Germany
East and Weat Germany and East and West Berlin reunite. Started as Eastern Germany Regime started falling apart. -
USSR Disintegrates
Disintegration that occurred in thes economy, social structure and political structure. Independence of USSR's republics. Gorbachev hands power over to the president of Russia. -
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Nelson Mandela
A President of South Africa and was first to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Was an anti-apartheid activist. After 27 years in prison he led his party in the negotiations that led to multi-racial democracy. -
September 11, 2001
Suicide attacks by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists (most of Saudi-Arabian background) on the US using hijacked planes. Two planes destroyed the World Trade center in New York and one damaged the Pentagon. One plane landed in a field.
